Exogenously applied oxalic acid assists in the phytoremediation of Mn by Polygonum pubescens Blume cultivated in three Mn-contaminated soils

• The OA supply significantly increased the water-extractable Mn in all soils. • All OA supply levels promoted plant growth in unexplored soil. • Low OA supply level promoted plant growth in explored and tailing soils. • OA amendment increased the Mn concentrations and total Mn in P. pubescens. • P. pubescens experienced less Mn stress in unexplored soil than in the other two soils. The current study evaluated the effects of oxalic acid (OA) application on the growth and Mn phytoremediation efficiency of Polygonum pubescens Blume cultivated in three different manganese (Mn)-contaminated soils sampled from an unexplored area (US), an explored area (ES) and a tailing area (TS) of the Ertang Mn mine, South China. The supplied levels of OA were 0 (control), 1 (low level), 3 (medium level), and 9 (high level) mmol/kg, referred to as CK, OA1, OA3 and OA9, respectively. The results revealed that the average water-extractable Mn concentrations US, ES and TS amended with OA increased by 214.13, 363.77 and 266.85%, respectively. All OA supply levels increased plant growth and Mn concentrations in US. The low OA supply level increased plant growth in ES and TS; however, contrasting results were found for the medium and high OA supply levels. Plant Mn concentrations and total Mn increased in ES and TS in response to all OA supply levels. Total Mn in the aerial parts increased by 81.18, 44.17 and 83.17% in US, ES and TS, respectively; the corresponding percentages for the whole plants were 81.53, 108.98 and 77.91%, respectively. The rate of ·O₂⁻ production and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations increased in response to OA amendment, especially the medium and high OA supply levels in ES and TS. In general, antioxidant enzymes might play a vital role in alleviating Mn stress in plants cultivated in US, while non-enzymatic antioxidants might be the main factor for plants cultivated in ES and TS.     

Cd污染土壤的植物修复研究进展

我国农业土壤重金属污染十分严重,在所有的重金属污染中,Cd以其移动性大、毒性高成为最受关注的重金属污染之一。修复Cd污染的土壤,已成为我国农业可持续发展亟待解决的问题。与传统环境修复技术相比,植物修复技术治理成本低廉,土壤破坏力小,安全性高,是目前发展最快的环境友好、经济、高效的治理技术。介绍了Cd污染现状、超积累植物的概念和特征、土壤重金属污染植物修复国内外研究进展,并对其发展趋势进行了分析。     

橡胶草(TKS)对铅镉污染农田土壤的修复潜力

橡胶草（TKS）是一种可作为天然橡胶原料的能源植物.为研究橡胶草对铅（Pb）和镉（Cd）污染农田土壤的修复潜力,通过人工控制性盆栽试验,以相关标准的风险筛选值和管制值为区间,施以4种浓度Pb和Cd复合胁迫处理,探讨橡胶草对Pb和Cd的富集及耐性特征.结果表明,随着土壤中Pb和Cd含量增加,橡胶草的叶绿素含量和生物量均逐渐降低,SOD、POD和CAT酶活性逐渐升高.Cd富集系数和转运系数在1.20~1.50之间,具有部分Cd超富集植物特征.Pb富集系数和转运系数在0.71~1.11之间,是较好的Pb富集植物,具有修复ω（Pb）为400 mg·kg^-1以下的土壤的潜力.Pb和Cd积累量逐渐增加,地上部最大Cd积累量为9.832 μg·plant^-1,最大Pb积累量为1091.185 μg·plant^-1.但在更低浓度的Pb和Cd复合污染土壤中,去除率更大,修复效率更快.使用橡胶草修复Pb和Cd污染农田土壤具有较好的应用前景和经济价值.     

铅锌冶炼厂土壤污染及重金属富集植物的研究

对株洲市铅锌冶炼厂生产区进行了植被和土壤调查。结果表明，该厂土壤污染以镉铅锌(Cd、Pb、Zn)最为严重，尤其是重金属镉在土壤中含量超过背景值高达208倍，分析原因主要是由于大气尘降和雨水淋洗等使得污染加重。实验采集并分析测定了9种植物中重金属富集量，首次报道了土荆芥是一种铅超富集植物，其体内Pb质量分数高达3888mg／kg。另一种植物商陆能大量富集镉，具有地下部向地上部转运能力强、生物量大、富集总量高的特点，有很大研究价值和应用潜力。另外，荨麻对Zn有较强富集能力，这3种植物可分别用于铅、镉和锌等3种重金属污染土壤的植物修复。     

Phytoremediation of Cadmium-Contaminated Soils by Rorippa globosa Using Two-Phase Planting (5 pp)

Background Phytoextraction of contaminated soils by heavy metals can provide a great promise of commercial development. Although there are more than 400 species of hyperaccumulators found in the world, phytoremediation technology is rarely applied in field practice for remedying contaminated soils, partially due to low biomass and long growth duration for most of discovered hyperaccumulating plants. In order to enhance the metal-removing efficiency in a year, the two-phase planting countermeasure of phytoextraction by harvesting anthesis biomass was investigated on the basis of the newly found Cd-hyperaccumulator Rorippa globosa (Turcz.) Thell. with 107.0 and 150.1 mg/kg of the Cd accumulation in stems and leaves, respectively, when soil Cd added was concentrated to 25.0 mg/kg. Methods The field pot-culture experiment was used to observe the distribution property of R. globosa aboveground biomass and to examine characteristics of accumulating Cd by the plant at different growth stages. The concentration of Cd in plants and soils was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Results and Discussion The results indicated that the total dry stem and leaf biomass of R. globosa harvested at the flowering phase was up to 92.3% of that at its full maturity and the concentration of Cd in stems and leaves harvested at the flowering phase was up to 73.8% and 87.7% of that at the mature phase, respectively. The Cd-removing ratio by shoots of R. globosa harvested at the flowering phase was up to 71.4% of that at the mature phase. It was also found, by observing the growth duration of R. globosa, that the frostless period at the experiment site was twice as long as the growth time from the seedling-transplanted phase to the flowering phase of the hyperaccumulator. Conclusion R. globosa could be transplanted into contaminated soils twice in one year by harvesting the hyperaccumulator at its flowering phase based on climatic conditions of the site and traits of the plant growth. In this sense, the extraction efficiency of Cd in shoots of R. globosa increased 42.8% compared to that of at its single maturity when the plant was transplanted into contaminated soils after it had been harvested at its flowering phase and the plant accumulated Cd from soil at the same extraction ratio at its second flowering phase. Thus, the method of anthesis biomass regulation by the two-phase planting is very significant to increase the Cd-removing efficiency by phytoremediation used in practice over the course of a year. Recommendation and Outlook As for some hyperaccumulators that the growth duration from the seedling-transplanted phase to the flowering phase are short and the concentrations of heavy metals accumulated in their shoots at the flowering phase are high, the efficiency of phytoremediation can greatly be improved using the method of the two-phase planting.     

重金属污染土壤植物修复及进展

土壤污染是当今面临的一个重要环境问题。常规的土壤污染物理化学治理技术 ,如客土换土法、冲洗法、热处理、固化、玻璃化、动电修复法等 ,由于其技术要求高或经济成本高昂 ,对土壤结构的扰动破坏较严重 ,因而 ,大规模推广应用存在较大问题。重金属超累积植物的不断发现 ,使人们认识到有可能利用植物于土壤污染的治理修复。自 2 0世纪 90年代起 ,植物修复成为环境污染治理研究领域的一个前沿性课题。研究表明 ,通过植物的吸收、挥发、根滤、稳定等作用 ,可以净化土壤或水体中金属污染物 ,达到净化环境的目的。近 10年来 ,在超累积植物的找寻培育、植物根际微生物共存体系研究、植物对重金属的耐忍性、超量吸收及其解毒机制以及植物修复的工艺技术方面已有不少研究 ,并取得长足的进展 ,现代分子生物学的发展以及基因工程技术的应用有可能使植物修复技术取得根本性的突破。     

碎米荠对硒、镉超富集特性研究

超富集植物在营养元素生物强化及重金属污染植物修复技术领域有重大应用前景。通过野外调查和栽培实验,研究了碎米荠植物对硒镉的吸收富集特征。研究表明:野生碎米荠中Se含量达数百mg/kg,叶片中Se最高含量为1 365 mg/kg。地上部Se的生物富集系数在2.8~43.8的范围内,大部分超过10;生物转移系数在0.46~1.88之间,大部分大于1。地上部Cd含量都超过了100 mg/kg,叶中的Cd含量大部分在400~800 mg/kg之间。富集系数都大于1,且农田及小溪流域植株地上部Cd的生物富集系数高达几十甚至上百,Cd的生物转移系数大部分超过1。露天栽培条件下,碎米荠中的硒镉含量随盆栽土壤中硒镉浓度的上升呈现出先增加后降低的特征,当Se含量为50 mg/kg时植物中的Se含量最高,此时地上部Se含量为995 mg/kg,地下部Se含量1 100 mg/kg。当Cd浓度为80 mg/kg时,植株当中Cd含量最高,地上部和地下部中的Cd含量分别高达550 mg/kg、337 mg/kg。研究认为湖北渔塘坝发育的碎米荠植物是硒镉多元素超富集植物,在硒镉生态环境污染修复方面具有重大应用前景。     

某铀尾矿库土壤核素污染与优势植物累积特征

采用野外采样和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析法,测定某铀尾矿库内自然生长的14种优势植物及其根系土壤中核素的含量,并针对植物对核素的耐受性和富集性能进行分析.结果表明:双穗雀稗(Paspalum distichumL.)、圆果雀稗(Paspalumorbiculare Forst.)、水莎草〔Juncellus serotinus(Rottb.)C.B.Clarke〕、水蜈蚣(Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb)和碎米莎草(Cyperus iriaL.)的地上部分及金毛狗〔Cibotium barometz(Linn.)J.Sm.〕的地下部分对铀(U)和钍(Th)均有不同程度的累积.莎草科的碎米莎草的地上部分对U的富集系数高达6.04,其余植物的富集系数均小于1;一部分植物样对U的转移系数小于1.莎草科的水蜈蚣对Th的转移系数为2.56,其他植物的转移系数均小于0.50.莎草科植物对U的吸收富集性能明显优于其他科植物,碎米莎草对U则表现出超耐受性和超富集性.     

超积累植物垂序商陆(Phytolacca americana L.)吸收锰机制的初步探讨

垂序商陆是中国境内发现的锰超积累植物,了解其对锰的吸收特性及机制可为植物修复提供基础信息.通过人工培养液温室培养方法,探讨了低锰浓度处理下垂序商陆吸收累积锰的特性;采用同步辐射荧光技术(SRXRF)分析了锰在垂序商陆根横截面的分布特征;应用能量代谢抑制剂2,4-二硝基苯酚(DNP)和矾酸钠(Na3VO4)、钙离子通道抑制剂氯化镧(LaCl3)研究了垂序商陆对锰吸收,并探讨了其吸收机制.结果表明,低锰浓度处理下,锰超积累植物垂序商陆仍然具有较高的吸收和累积锰的能力,5μmol·L-1低锰浓度处理下垂序商陆根、茎、叶锰含量(以干重计)仍可高达402、208、601 mg·kg-1.锰在垂序商陆根横截面中柱含量最高,其次为表皮,皮层锰含量最少,锰从皮层进入到中柱是一个从低浓度到高浓度的过程,表明垂序商陆对锰的吸收可能存在主动运输过程.DNP和Na3VO4对垂序商陆锰吸收有一定的抑制作用,表明锰进入细胞是需要消耗能量的,进一步说明垂序商陆对锰的吸收存在主动吸收的过程.钙离子通道抑制剂LaCl3抑制垂序商陆根对锰的吸收高达30%,表明垂序商陆对锰的吸收与钙离子通道密切相关.     

垂序商陆茎叶收获物“水热液化”脱除重金属及生物质转化

以超富集植物之一的垂序商陆茎叶收获物为对象,以实现其中有害金属高效分离及生物质转化为目标,开展了垂序商陆茎叶收获物"水热液化"后处理工艺研究,考察了"水热液化"工艺温度、固液比及催化剂等因素对垂序商陆茎叶中锰及其他有害金属分离和生物油转化的影响,优化了实验参数。结果表明,在粒度为200目(75μm)、液固比为13.3∶1、压强为23 MPa、温度为373℃、反应时间为30 min、催化剂为0.1 mol/L K2CO3条件下可将垂序商陆茎叶中97%以上的锰及其他有害金属分离到水溶液中,86.24%的生物质转化成粗生物油。生物油经GC-MS等测定表明其主要由11.64%的苯类、51.91%酮类、18.71%的苯酚、6.24%烯类、4.20%的醚类和8.0%的氨类及其他有机物,相对分子量分布为94~138,碳数分布为6~9,热值26.72 MJ/kg。