三峡工程蓄水运用期库区干流水质分析

分析了三峡库区蓄水前后（1998～2009年）干流水质的变化及原因。结果表明，同蓄水前相比，蓄水后库区干流水质变好，库区干流断面月度达标率均值由蓄水前的623%变为蓄水后的783%，库区干流超标污染物主要为高锰酸盐指数、总磷、铅等。蓄水后水质时空分布出现新的特点，近坝水体悬浮物、浑样高锰酸盐指数、总磷、铅等可吸附污染物浓度显著降低。蓄水后年内悬浮物及浑样高锰酸盐指数、总磷和铅浓度仍然是丰水期＞平、枯水期，但近坝水体不同水期间浓度差别比蓄水前明显减小。蓄水后，库区干流浑样高锰酸盐指数、总磷、铅浓度整体上表现为从库尾至库首沿程下降，尤以丰水期沿程下降最为突出。浑样高锰酸盐指数、总磷、铅浓度以上变化特征主要缘于库区水位抬高后，流速减小导致的澄清作用，即高锰酸盐指数所代表污染物、磷、铅等随泥沙发生了不同程度的沉降。蓄水前后清样高锰酸盐指数和总磷未发生明显变化，156 m蓄水后至今，清样铅浓度明显低于蓄水前。     

彭水电站蓄水前后鱼类群落多样性特征

根据2006-2008年9-10月渔业资源动态监测资料,分析研究了彭水电站蓄水前后坝上和坝下江段鱼类群落结构变化及其生物多样性变化特征.研究结果表明:3次监测中,调查江段出现的鱼类共有9科44属63种,其中长江上游特有鱼类22种;渔获物中,群体数量主要由体重＜50 g的小型鱼类和幼鱼组成,而群体重量主要由＜500g的中...     

三峡库区巫山段三期蓄水前后水质状况及其变化趋势研究

根据长江巫山段六个断面2005年和2007年枯、平、丰的水质监测结果,通过对培石断面2005年和2007年的对比,可以看出三期蓄水前后长江水质比较稳定,仍为Ⅱ类水质。通过对2005年和2007年培石断面的各实测指标比较分析可以看出DO、CODMn、BOD5、TP指标2007年均出现不同程度的下降,而NH3-N、TN则呈现升高的趋势。但各支流由于受干流回水顶托影响,水环境趋于复杂,部分河段出现水华现象,需引起高度重视。     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Modeling Monthly Fluctuations in Submersion Area of a Dammed River Reservoir: A Case Study1

Lu, Haorong, S. Samuel Li, and Jinsong Guo, 2012. Modeling Monthly Fluctuations in Submersion Area of a Dammed River Reservoir: A Case Study. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐13. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12003 Abstract: Fluctuations in water submersion of the Three Gorges Reservoir in China have not been explored in spite of their important implications for shoreline erosion and other undesirable consequences. This article aims to quantify the monthly fluctuations in response to changing hydraulic parameters and regional climatic factors. Flow velocity and water levels distributed along the 609‐km long dammed river reservoir are calculated with a one‐dimensional hydrodynamics model. Evaporation of water from the surface of the reservoir is determined using mass transfer‐based methods. Calculated flow velocities and water levels compare well with field data. We show that the water surface slope decreases with rising water level at the dam, and decreases to almost zero during the winter months of water storage when the downstream water level reaches the normal pool level. The submersion area varies between 830 and 1,070 km² over the year or over 20% of the reservoir zone will experience the annual cycle of dry land and partial or complete submersion. These fluctuations are of relevance to shoreline management and to the prevention and restoration of shoreline erosion. Evaporation is estimated to fluctuate between 1,240 and 26,110 tons of water per month per kilometer length of reservoir channel; this can possibly affect the hydrological budget of the reservoir region. The simple methodologies discussed in this article can easily be applied to other dammed river reservoirs for submersion estimates.     

平地型铀尾矿库氡大气扩散数值模拟及环境效应分析

以平地型铀尾矿库为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法,分析了铀尾矿库下风向的氡扩散和浓度分布,并预测了该地区常年主导风向下氡对公众所致的年有效剂量。结果表明,风速从0.5 m/s变化到2.0m/s时,氡在尾矿库下风向的积聚范围由5 000 m缩减为2 500 m,尾矿库下风向2 500 m距离以内的氡浓度降低较快,随着距离的增大,近地面区域氡浓度不断降低,5 000 m外氡浓度变化渐趋平缓。U10=0.5m/s时尾矿库下风向地区的氡浓度比其他风速下最高高出近43%。对照公众个人的年有效剂量标准,考虑风频风速影响,对氡的环境效应分析表明,低风速下现行标准中铀尾矿库防护距离的规定值偏小,应进行适当调整。     

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A SPATIAL HYDROLOGY MODEL OF OKEFENOKEE SWAMP,GEORGIA1

ABSTRACT: :The model described herein was used to assess effects of the Suwannee River sill (a low earthen dam constructed to impound the Suwannee River within the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge to eliminate wildfires) on the hydrologic environment of Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia. Developed with Arc/Info Macro Language routines in the GRID environment, the model distributes water in the swamp landscape using precipitation, inflow, evapotranspiration, outflow, and standing water. Water movement direction and rate are determined by the neighborhood topographic gradient, determined using survey grade Global Positioning Systems technology. Model data include flow rates from USGS monitored gauges, precipitation volumes and water levels measured within the swamp, and estimated evapotranspiration volumes spatially modified by vegetation type. Model output in semi‐monthly time steps includes water depth, water surface elevation above mean sea level, and movement direction and volume. Model simulations indicate the sill impoundment affects 18 percent of the swamp during high water conditions when wildfires are scarce and has minimal spatial effect (increasing hydroperiods in less than 5 percent of the swamp) during low water and drought conditions when fire occurrence is high but precipitation and inflow volumes are limited.     

蓄水期三峡水库香溪河沉积物-水系统营养盐分布特征

为研究蓄水期香溪河沉积物-水系统中氮磷营养盐的分布特征,于2016年在香溪河布点采样,分析沉积物-水系统氮、磷及有机质含量,探讨沉积物间隙水和上覆水营养盐"源-汇"特征,并对采样点位进行了聚类分析.结果表明,沉积物中ρ(TN)在河口处含量较高,在中下游区域较接近;ρ(TP)在上游区域明显高于中下游及河口;ρ(O.M.)呈现下游高上游低的分布特征,且各采样点在深度10cm的范围内,ρ(O.M.)的最大值超过了临界点(1.5%),存在一定的释放风险.上覆水的分布上,ρ(DTN)和ρ(DTP)均在干支流交汇处最大,且ρ(DTN)从河口至上游沿程递减,ρ(DTP)沿程变化不大,而间隙水中ρ(DTN)和ρ(DTP)的分布和上覆水体相反,在上游处最大,并从上游向河口处递减.研究期间5个采样点位的DTN、NH_4~+-N、DTP(除CJ点位外)均以"源"的方式向上覆水释放营养盐,而NO_3~--N和PO_4~(3-)-P则是一部分点位呈现为"源",一部分点位呈现为"汇",且氮素的"源-汇"过程较磷素更为强烈,这是因为蓄水期底部的氧化环境和干流水体的倒灌潜入深度和方式差异所致.结合聚类分析结果发现对于沉积物-水系统,CJ、1号、2号采样点特征相近,而3号和4号采样点特征相近.     

剑潭大坝对东江惠州河段浮游植物的影响研究

根据2006年4月、8月和12月月初的采样调查,对剑潭大坝蓄水前后浮游植物种类、组成在时间和空间上的变化进行研究,并探讨富营养化要素对浮游植物结构和数量的影响。结果表明,剑潭大坝下闸蓄水后：（1）浮游植物的数量和结构发生了一定的变化。3年期间,总物种数呈现下降趋势;剑潭大坝处采样点浮游植物群落结构变化明显;（2）季节性变化明显,丰水期以蓝藻为优势,枯水期以蓝藻绿藻共同占据优势;（3）在剑潭大坝正常运行一年后,剑潭大坝处叶绿素a显著增加,浮游植物现存量出现一个峰值,这反应了偏高的营养盐含量为浮游植物的生长创造了有利条件。最后作者针对剑潭大坝蓄水后的负面影响,提出了有关防治措施与建议。     

溪源水库蓄水前后冬春季水体营养盐和浮游植物特征研究

于2007—2008年溪源水库蓄水前,2014—2015年溪源水库蓄水后对溪源宫水源地水体进行采样,分析了冬春季水体的理化指标、浮游植物生物量及群落组成。蓄水前共鉴定出浮游植物6门26属43种,水体水质状况较好,浮游植物细胞密度平均为7.31×10~5cells/L,以硅藻、绿藻门为优势门类,两者占浮游植物总生物量的比例约为54.7%、32.2%,水体呈贫-中营养状态。蓄水后,水体氮、磷营养盐浓度分别约为蓄水前的2.4倍、3倍,浮游植物细胞密度平均为1.42×10~7cells/L,约为蓄水前的20倍,且群落结构发生改变,优势门类为硅藻、蓝藻、绿藻,所占比例分别为40.2%、38.7%、14.4%,蓝藻门比例有显著提高,约为蓄水前的5倍。说明建库蓄水对浮游植物的影响显著。