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1.
Wildlife conservation and management (WCM) practices have been historically drawn from a wide variety of academic fields, yet practitioners have been slow to engage with emerging conversations about animals as complex beings, whose individuality and sociality influence their relationships with humans. We propose an explicit acknowledgement of wild, nonhuman animals as active participants in WCM. We examined 190 studies of WCM interventions and outcomes to highlight 3 common assumptions that underpin many present approaches to WCM: animal behaviors are rigid and homogeneous; wildlife exhibit idealized wild behavior and prefer pristine habitats; and human–wildlife relationships are of marginal or secondary importance relative to nonhuman interactions. We found that these management interventions insufficiently considered animal learning, decision-making, individuality, sociality, and relationships with humans and led to unanticipated detrimental outcomes. To address these shortcomings, we synthesized theoretical advances in animal behavioral sciences, animal geographies, and animal legal theory that may help conservation professionals reconceptualize animals and their relationships with humans. Based on advances in these fields, we constructed the concept of animal agency, which we define as the ability of animals to actively influence conservation and management outcomes through their adaptive, context-specific, and complex behaviors that are predicated on their sentience, individuality, lived experiences, cognition, sociality, and cultures in ways that shape and reshape shared human–wildlife cultures, spaces, and histories. Conservation practices, such as compassionate conservation, convivial conservation, and ecological justice, incorporate facets of animal agency. Animal agency can be incorporated in conservation problem-solving by assessing the ways in which agency contributes to species’ survival and by encouraging more adaptive and collaborative decision-making among human and nonhuman stakeholders.  相似文献   
2.
Ce1-xZrxO2 composite oxides (molar, x = 0-1.0, interval of 0.2) were prepared by a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-assisted precipitation method. The enhancement of silver-species modification and catalytic mechanism of adsorption-transformation-desorption process were investigated over the Ag-impregnated catalysts for low-temperature selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia (NH3-SCO). The optimal 5 wt.% Ag/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 catalyst presented good NH3-SCO performance with >90% NH3 conversion at temperature (T) ≥ 250°C and 89% N2 selectivity. Despite the irregular block shape and underdeveloped specific surface area (∼60 m2/g), the naked and Ag-modified Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 solid solution still obtained highly dispersed distribution of surface elements analyzed by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) (mapping), N2 adsorption-desorption test and X-ray diffraction (XRD). H2 temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated that Ag-modification enhanced the mobility and activation of oxygen-species leading to a promotion on CeO2 reducibility and synergistic Ag0/Ag+ and Ce4+/Ce3+ redox cycles. Besides, Ag+/Ag2O clusters could facilitate the formation of surface oxygen vacancies that was beneficial to the adsorption and activation of ammonia. NH3-temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD) showed more adsorption-desorption capacity to ammonia were provided by physical, weak- and medium-strong acid sites. Diffused reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) experiments revealed the activation of ammonia might be the control step of NH3-SCO procedure, during which NH3 dehydrogenation derived from NHx-species and also internal selective catalytic reduction (i-SCR) reactions were proposed.  相似文献   
3.
The vibration of dip tube in multi-burner gasifier changes the stress at the connection, causing flange seal failures and high temperature gas erosions with heavy economic losses and industrial accidents. This work aims to reveal the dip tube vibration mechanism, with special focus on obtaining the effect of operational parameters on the fatigue damage and long-term stable operation of gasifiers. A three-dimensional numerical simulation of the water-scrubbing cooling chamber was conducted to obtain the excitation source in the flow field. Then a FSI (fluid-structure interaction) transient dynamics simulation was carried out to investigate the vibration characteristics. Two major flow forms were found: a vertical annular flow near the dip tube outlet in the water-scrubbing cooling chamber; and a gas-liquid coupled flow caused by the syngas entrained the liquid. These two unstable multiphase flow forms exerted an energy excitation on the dip tube, resulting in a self-excited flutter. The dip tube vibration was similar to the first mode of a cantilever beam. The peak frequency was less affected by the initial liquid level and the syngas stream inlet velocity, which was close to its own first natural frequency. Note that, the alternating load generated by vibration may cause fatigue damage, which needs to be specifically considered in the design and manufacturing process of opposed multi-burner gasifier.  相似文献   
4.
武汉城市圈土地利用变化系统仿真模拟与驱动力分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
土地利用变化是全球环境变化与可持续研究的重要内容,驱动力研究是土地利用变化研究中的核心问题。现有土地利用变化驱动力研究多针对单一的城市区域展开,无法解释城市群地区,城市一体化战略指导下城市交互作用对土地利用变化的影响。运用系统动力学(SD)方法,综合考虑经济、人口、城市化、政策等主要人文因素,并将城市交互作用因素引入SD,以武汉城市圈为例,构建土地利用变化系统SD模型,运用1997~2006年的历史数据进行检验,并对武汉城市圈2010~2020年不同情景下的土地利用变化进行模拟。结果表明,建立的SD模型是有效的,两种情景下土地利用变化表现出差异性,说明城市交互作用是除经济、人口城市化等社会经济因素外,土地利用变化的又一重要影响因素。  相似文献   
5.
地下热水的水文地球化学特征研究有利于地下热水的开发,对重庆三叠系碳酸盐岩热储热水的研究可以更好地实现重庆地下热水的可持续开发。通过2009年1月和2009年7月对重庆市三叠系碳酸盐岩热储热水进行野外监测、取样和室内分析,发现重庆三叠系碳酸盐岩热储热水水化学性质相近,pH呈中性,水温30℃~50℃,电导率为1 320 μs/cm~3 250 μs/cm,水化学类型为SO4-Ca(Mg)型,是典型的碳酸盐岩热储中-低温地下热水。温泉水的主要阳离子为Ca2+和Mg2+,阴离子为SO42-和HCO3-,除青木关温泉外,SO42-和Ca2+、Mg2+随时空变化较小,体现了碳酸盐岩中石膏与地下热水的水-岩作用对地下热水水文地球化学特征的控制。热水中的方解石和白云石都处于饱和与不饱和的临界状态,没有明显钙华沉积的现象;Na-K-Mg-Ca图解显示各个季节地下热水的物质来源基本一致,均没有达到水岩平衡状态。  相似文献   
6.
地表水中抗生素与农药的混合暴露及其潜在生态与健康风险受到广泛关注。然而,目前关于抗生素与农药混合毒性研究大多仅考虑急性毒性,缺乏其长期毒性相互作用的研究。以较为广泛使用的2种抗生素土霉素(OXY)、环丙沙星(CIP)和1种三唑类杀菌剂农药戊唑醇(TCZ)及其二元混合物为研究对象,以生态系统中初级生产者绿藻(羊角月牙藻)为受试生物,研究目标混合物在暴露时间为96、120、144和168 h的长期毒性相互作用。结果表明,单一物质及其混合物随暴露时间延长而毒性增大;同一暴露时间点的单一污染物毒性大小顺序为OXYTCZCIP;混合物毒性相互作用与浓度、混合物组分和暴露时间三者密切相关;混合体系的拮抗作用均出现在高浓度区域,而中、低浓度区域呈协同作用或加和作用; OXY-CIP与CIPTCZ混合体系的协同作用随着暴露时间延长而协同作用逐渐增大。研究结果对水环境中抗生素与农药复合污染生态风险评估具有重要的现实意义。  相似文献   
7.
Long-lasting expansion of haze pollution in China has already presented a stern challenge to regional joint prevention and control. There is an urgent need to enlarge and reconstruct the coverage of joint prevention and control of air pollution in key area. Air quality models can identify and quantify the regional contribution of haze pollution and its key components with the help of numerical simulation, but it is difficult to be applied to larger spatial scale due to the complexity of model parameters. The time series analysis can recognize the existence of spatial interaction of haze pollution between cities, but it has not yet been used to further identify the spatial sources of haze pollution in large scale. Using econometric framework of time series analysis, this paper developed a new approach to perform spatial source apportionment. We applied this approach to calculate the contribution from spatial sources of haze pollution in China, using the monitoring data of particulate matter (PM2.5) across 161 Chinese cities. This approach overcame the limitation of numerical simulation that the model complexity increases at excess with the expansion of sample range, and could effectively deal with severe large-scale haze episodes.  相似文献   
8.
微塑料对环境中有机污染物吸附解吸的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
微塑料已成为新的全球性环境污染问题。作为强吸附剂,微塑料可以吸附共存的有机污染物,进而改变其环境行为和毒性;也可以通过解吸作用促进污染物在不同介质中的迁移。因而,微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用强度和机理是全面评估两者的环境风险和深度研究微塑料毒性机制的必要信息。目前微塑料研究处于快速发展的起始阶段,加之微塑料本身成分、粒径、表面风化情况的复杂性及共存有机污染物的多样性使两者的相互作用十分复杂,亟需理清微塑料吸附解吸作用的影响因素和相关机制。因而,本文详细综述了微塑料对有机污染物吸附解吸作用的研究进展,并着重从微塑料性质(成分、粒径和表面风化)、有机污染物性质和水环境介质性质方面探讨了吸附的影响因素和相互作用机制,希望为微塑料吸附有机污染物及吸附的后续影响研究提供借鉴与参考。  相似文献   
9.
• Strong metal-support interaction exists on Pt/Fe3O4 catalysts. • Pt metal particles facilitate the formation of oxygen vacancies on Fe3O4. • Fe3O4 supports enhance the strength of CO adsorption on Pt metal particles. The self-inhibition behavior due to CO poisoning on Pt metal particles strongly impairs the performance of CO oxidation. It is an effective method to use reducible metal oxides for supporting Pt metal particles to avoid self-inhibition and to improve catalytic performance. In this work, we used in situ reductions of chloroplatinic acid on commercial Fe3O4 powder to prepare heterogeneous-structured Pt/Fe3O4 catalysts in the solution of ethylene glycol. The heterogeneous Pt/Fe3O4 catalysts achieved a better catalytic performance of CO oxidation compared with the Fe3O4 powder. The temperatures of 50% and 90% CO conversion were achieved above 260°C and 290°C at Pt/Fe3O4, respectively. However, they are accomplished on Fe3O4 at temperatures higher than 310°C. XRD, XPS, and H2-TPR results confirmed that the metallic Pt atoms have a strong synergistic interaction with the Fe3O4 supports. TGA results and transient DRIFTS results proved that the Pt metal particles facilitate the release of lattice oxygen and the formation of oxygen vacancies on Fe3O4. The combined results of O2-TPD and DRIFTS indicated that the activation step of oxygen molecules at surface oxygen vacancies could potentially be the rate-determining step of the catalytic CO oxidation at Pt/Fe3O4 catalysts. The reaction pathway involves a Pt-assisted Mars-van Krevelen (MvK) mechanism.  相似文献   
10.
刘海  康博  管政亭  宋阳  柴义伦 《环境科学》2023,44(11):6038-6049
为厘清淮南矿区地表水和地下水水化学特征和控制因素,采集115组地下水和30组地表水样品,基于数理统计、 Piper三线图、 Gibbs图、矿物稳定场图和离子比例系数等方法,分析了淮南煤矿区地表水和地下水的水文地球化学特征,研究了其水化学特征演变规律.结果表明,淮南煤矿区地下水和地表水呈弱碱性,地表水和地下水中优势阴阳离子为HCO-3、 Ca+和Na+.HCO3-Ca型和HCO3-Ca·Na·Mg型为地表水和地下水的主要水化学类型.地下水和地表水的水化学特征主要受岩石风化作用控制,阳离子交替吸附和蒸发对其有一定的促进作用.水岩作用以硅酸盐和碳酸盐矿物的溶解为主,碳酸盐岩的溶解制约Ca2+、 Mg2+和HCO-3等离子的变化.地表水和地下水中Cl-、 SO42-、 NO-3  相似文献   
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