Numerical simulation of far-field blast loads arising from large TNT equivalent explosives

Large TNT equivalent explosions usually arise from accidents occurring during the transportation, storage, and manufacturing of chemicals relevant to process industries. The blast wave generated by the explosion will spread and interact with the surrounding factories and storehouses, damaging the building structures within several kilometers and causing significant casualties and property losses. This study aims to develop an efficient numerical simulation method to predict blast loads to estimate the consequences of accidents involving far-field free air bursts or surface burst explosions. Before its interaction with the interested target, a blast wave is generated in the numerical model by specifying the initial and boundary conditions of the disturbed air. Based on empirical data of incident overpressure, an explicit formula to calculate the air particle velocity is derived from the governing equations of a perfect inviscid gas. A simplified path line method is proposed to calculate the air density. The proposed method is applied to the LS-DYNA CESE solver to simulate the blast loads on building structures in the far field. Validations against empirical data and experiments indicate that the proposed method is sufficiently accurate for engineering applications and, through a case study, presents a more efficient performance than the LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED (LBE) and mapping methods.     

Critical review for the quantification of leachate production: Evaluation example for the “Oum Azza” public landfill in Rabat city,Morocco

The estimation of leachate quantities produced in landfills is necessary to dimension the treatment plants allowing to reduce the polluting load of these effluents and consequently avoid their negative impacts on the environment. Different leachate quantification methods were used in this study to assess the leachate volume produced at the Oum Azza landfill. The water balance method give comparable estimations of leachate production to the Ouled Berjal landfill ratio. The first method showed average values between 487 and 495 m³/day for 2015, 2018, and 2019, and at the same time, the second method gave values between 470 and 477 m³/day for the same years. In contrast, the World Bank ratio showed high values that vary between 2260 and 2295 m³/day for 2015, 2018, and 2019. The on-site data and the statistical analysis showed us that the World Bank ratio is not adapted for the estimation of the leachates produced in Oum Azza landfill, while the water balance and the ratio of Ouled Berjal landfill allowed to give comparable results to reality.     

基于疲劳累积破坏机制的储罐结构动力可靠度分析

针对随机风载荷作用下储罐结构动力可靠性问题，以300 m3的中小型立式低温储罐为研究对象，利用AR模型进行数值模拟得到风载荷的脉动风速时程与脉动功率谱密度函数。采用ANSYS建立储罐三维有限元模型，并对储罐进行动力学分析，计算出储罐结构的随机响应，进而求出随机风载荷作用下储罐结构动力可靠性所需全部数字特征，最后利用疲劳累积损伤机制计算得到储罐的动力可靠度。结果表明:假设结构强度不随时间退化，前5 a动力可靠度基本保持不变，随着使用年限的延长，动力可靠度下降速度明显增大。研究方法可为储罐的动力可靠性及寿命预测提供一定的理论依据。     

灌浆套筒连接装配式框架-剪力墙爆炸响应与破坏

为了探究采用灌浆套筒连接的装配式框架-剪力墙结构的爆炸响应与破坏模式,运用LS-DYNA软件建立一榀两层的现浇框架-剪力墙和装配式框架-剪力墙的有限元模型,分别模拟分析了不同位置处发生爆炸时两种框架-剪力墙结构的动态响应及破坏模式,并对灌浆套筒连接的装配式框架-剪力墙进行了抗爆性能评估。研究结果表明:灌浆套筒连接的装配式框架-剪力墙结构整体性差,主要原因是预制构件和坐浆层、现浇带之间存在新旧混凝土的薄弱粘结面,粘结面的界面接触在爆炸荷载下首先发生断开,然后爆炸冲击力在结构局部区域发生聚集,使得结构的变形较为集中,容易造成结构局部发生严重的脆性破坏;现浇框架-剪力墙结构具有较好的整体性,爆炸冲击力在结构内能够有效地传递,而且构件之间具有良好的协同作用,结构变形较为均匀,现浇框架-剪力墙的破坏为延性破坏;炸药在结构中不同位置发生爆炸时,爆炸冲击波直接作用的构件损坏严重,其它构件损坏较轻。     

我国生态环境资产负债表编制框架研究

本文根据生态环境资产负债表的基本概念和理论,提出了生态环境资产负债表编制的总体框架,同时,针对环境容量资产、环境质量产品、生态产品资产的特点,分别建立了相应框架体系,提出了环境资产负债表的应用决策方向。本文研究成果对于确立统一的生态环境资产核算标准和方法、使我国生态环境资产负债核算工作逐步规范化、制度化具有重要的现实意义。     

中国典型城市环境空气质量变化趋势分析研究

文章选取北京市、兰州市、乌鲁木齐市、青岛市、武汉市、深圳市这六个典型城市为研究对象,利用2003年-2013年六个城市的SO2、NO2和PM10浓度数据,计算出区域空气综合污染指数和污染负荷指数,并采用Daniel趋势检验法分析主要污染物的变化趋势.结果表明,六个典型城市环境空气质量状况从优至差排列依次为深圳、青岛、武汉、北京、兰州、乌鲁木齐;六个典型城市空气首要污染物为PM10,SO2的污染负荷呈下降趋势,NO2的污染负荷呈上升趋势;各城市的空气质量整体呈现好转趋势,表明大气治理初见成效.     

Nitrogen mass balance in a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater effluent

The nitrogen changes and the nitrogen mass balance in a free water surface flow constructed wetland （CW） using the four-year monitoring data from 2008 to 2012 were estimated. The CW was composed of six cells in series that include the first settling basin （Cell 1）, aeration pond （Cell 2）, deep marsh （Cell 3）, shallow marsh （Cell 4）, deep marsh （Cell 5） and final settling basin （Cell 6）. Analysis revealed that the NH4＋-N concentration decreased because of ammonification which was then followed by nitrification. The NO4＋-N and NO4＋-N were also further reduced by means of microbial activities and plant uptake during photosynthesis. The average nitrogen concentration at the influent was 37,819 kg/year and approximately 45% of that amount exited the CW in the effluent. The denitrification amounted to 34% of the net nitrogen input, whereas the accretion of sediment was only 7%. The biomass uptake of plants was able to retain only 1% of total nitrogen load. In order to improve the nutrient removal by plant uptake, plant coverage in four cells （i.e., Cells 1, 3, 4 and 5） could be increased.     

基于变更平衡表的土地利用演化信息提取与预测方法研究——以苏州市为例

变更平衡表为国土资源管理部门历年实地调查、汇总所得,精度高,目前的研究中对其深入的应用较少,基于变更平衡表的应用方法研究可为区域土地利用演变信息提取与预测提供帮助。推导了由连续年份的年度变更平衡表求多年周期的平衡表的方法,提出了基于土地利用综合动态度分析土地利用有序程度的思路,探讨了利用连续年份的变更平衡表预测任意年份土地利用结构的方法,并基于传统方法进行了改进,提出了利用矩阵开方法求预测概率矩阵。应用苏州市一定时期的连续年份的年度变更平衡表对上述方法进行了验证,结果表明:提出的信息提取方法有效,预测结果可信;在分析期内(1998~2008年),苏州市耕地大量减少的去向是各类建设用地增加的来源,区域土地利用有序程度较高;预测显示至2020年土地利用结构变化仍将维持农用地、耕地不断减少和建设用地总量不断增加的趋势,但转化的速率将有所放缓;对变更平衡表的深入应用有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于“径流-地类”参数的非点源氮磷负荷估算方法

东江作为广东省重要的饮用水源,其上游农业集水区非点源氮磷流失量备受关注.因此,本文以东江上游上莞河小流域为研究区,利用2011年的集水区水质监测数据,在平均浓度法及输出系数法的基础上,构建基于"径流-地类"参数的非点源氮磷负荷计算式,其径流、地类参数分别通过校正后的SCS模型和土地利用现状图获取,并分别对上莞河流域及流域各地类的非点源氮磷流失量进行估算.研究结果表明,汛期上莞河流域氮磷流失量主要来源于非点源污染,其非点源氮、磷流失量分别占氮、磷流失总量的97.32%、98.05%.坡度对流域非点源氮磷流失影响较小,地类是影响非点源氮磷输出的重要因素.构建的计算式能较好地估算非点源氮、磷负荷量,在次暴雨尺度非点源氮、磷输出量模拟精度分别为84.78%、81.06%.2011年度上莞河流域非点源氮、磷输出量分别为48923.4、7189.3 kg,耕地、居民地分别是非点源氮、磷输出的关键源区,其非点源氮、磷输出量分别占流域非点源氮、磷输出总量的84.20%、58.54%.     

吉林西部农田生态系统氮平衡及其水环境影响研究

针对吉林省西部地区农田生态系统特点,以1997—2011年统计数据为基础,建立了基于物质守恒原理的氮平衡模型,估算了该地区农田生态系统的氮收支情况,并分析了其对水环境的影响.结果表明:近15年该区氮输入量平均值为56.98×104t·a-1,其中化肥输入氮占总氮的79.59%;氮输出量平均值为42.60×104t·a-1,以作物收获输出为主;氮平衡量变化范围为10.17×104~21.91×104t·a-1,均值为14.38×104t·a-1;氮平衡模型的各项呈增长趋势,受农业生产情况差异的影响,年际间时序变化较大,县市间空间分布差异明显.吉林西部农田生态系统氮平衡表现为盈余状态,氮素的盈余主要受氮肥施用和作物收获影响,农田生态系统氮素的持续盈余并累积对水环境构成一定程度的威胁,借助该区水环境监测数据进行综合分析,受盈余氮素的影响,该区地表水和地下水水质均体现出不同程度的氮超标.