我国红树林净化污水研究进展

红树林具有净化污水的潜能,我国在20世纪80年代中期开始以污染生态学为理论依据进行红树林净化污水的研究.国内红树林净化污水研究主要包括两方面内容,一是研究污水排放对红树林的影响,包括重金属污水、含油废水、生活污水等不同类型污水排放对红树林生长、生理生态、红树林沉积物、林区藻类等的影响;二是研究红树林净化污水的效能,包括红树林累积、吸收和对污水中污染物的净化能力、净化效果的研究.主要从以上两个方面,综述了国内红树林净化污水的研究进展,以期为红树林净化污水的进一步研究和应用提供参考.     

中国主要红树林湿地中甲基汞的分布特征及影响因素初探

通过对海南、广东、广西、福建的8个主要红树林地区沉积物中甲基汞以及环境因子的研究,分析了红树林生态系统中甲基汞的分布及其汞的甲基化作用.结果表明:①沉积物中总汞和甲基汞的含量分布并不一致.中国主要红树林区海南(三亚、东寨港)、广东(特呈岛、雷州、高桥、福田)、广西(大冠沙)、福建(浮宫)表层沉积物中甲基汞含量分别为(0.24±0.04)、(0.58±0.27)、(0.52±0.23)、(1.56±0.49)、(0.50±0.25)、(1.21±0.36)、(1.86±1.04)和(0.47±0.16)ng.g-1.甲基汞含量有很明显的地域区别,其含量顺序为大冠沙雷州福田东寨港特呈岛高桥浮宫三亚.工业和养殖业输入的汞和有机质显著增加了沉积物中甲基汞水平.对比世界其他河口湿地,我国红树林湿地沉积物中的甲基汞污染较为严重.②红树林沉积物的甲基化比率介于0.11%～7.13%.甲基化比率顺序由大到小为大冠沙特呈岛雷州福田高桥东寨港三亚浮宫.甲基化比率与砂粒显著正相关(p0.05),与粉粒和黏粒显著负相关(p0.05).③沉积物中总细菌含量范围为2.44×1010～1.91×1011CFU/g(以干重计,下同),浮宫三亚高桥东寨福田大冠沙.各环境因子对微生物数量的影响无显著差异.沉积物中SRB的含量介于1.73×104～4.92×106CFU/g,福田浮宫东寨港三亚高桥大冠沙.高有机废水是导致沉积物中SRB含量增高的主要原因.沉积物类型对SRB在沉积物表层的分布也有较大影响.甲基汞和环境因子之间并没有明显的相关性,外源输入是我国红树林湿地沉积物中的甲基汞污染的主要原因.     

Human impacts on methane emission from mangrove ecosystems in India

This study deals with the emission of methane in relation to changing environmental conditions and human impact, in three mangrove ecosystems of south India. Time-varying fluxes of methane adopting the close chamber technique were used to estimate CH₄ emission from an unpolluted site (Pichavaram mangroves) and two polluted sites viz. (1) Ennore Creek mangroves (affected by fertilizer effluents and crude oil discharges) and (2) Adyar estuary mangroves (affected by the discharges of organic and industrial wastes), covering monthly and seasonal variations. The results indicate annual average CH₄ emissions of 7.4, 5.02 and 15.4 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ from the sediment–water interface of the Pichavaram, Ennore Creek and Adyar estuary respectively. Emission characteristics obtained at Pichavaram mangroves represent a natural variability with changing physico-chemical factors, whereas the emission characteristics at Ennore Creek and Adyar estuary mangroves show anthropogenic influence. Several environmental factors such as oxygen availability, organic matter, soil physical and chemical properties, in addition to human-mediated interventions have been identified as influencing emission rates in the mangrove ecosystems. Preliminary CH₄ emission estimates for the mangrove ecosystems along the Indian sub- continent and the tropical and subtropical coastline of the world by linear extrapolation based on surface area range from 0.05 to 0.37 and 2.8 to 19.25 Tg CH₄ year⁻¹ respectively. Our results also highlight the impact of human activities on future emission of methane from the mangrove ecosystems. Received: 3 March 1999 / Accepted: 14 September 1999     

广西红树林资源与保护

广西的红树林现有面积为8374.9 hm2,分布于北海市、钦州市和防城港市.红树植物有15种,其中真红树植物11种,半红树植物5种,无瓣海桑为人工引种.红树林的建群种主要有白骨壤、桐花树、秋茄、红海榄、木榄、海漆、老鼠筋和银叶树8种,主要群落可划分为8个群系,15个群落类型.红树林是广西的优势海洋资源之一,其动植物资源潜力大,生态景观旅游价值高,同时是良好的生态养殖场所.如何合理利用红树林资源,本文提出了针对性的建议.     

Incorporating Surrogate Species and Seascape Connectivity to Improve Marine Conservation Outcomes

Conservation focuses on maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, but gaps in our knowledge of species biology and ecological processes often impede progress. For this reason, focal species and habitats are used as surrogates for multispecies conservation, but species‐based approaches are not widely adopted in marine ecosystems. Reserves in the Solomon Islands were designed on the basis of local ecological knowledge to conserve bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) and to protect food security and ecosystem functioning. Bumphead parrotfish are an iconic threatened species and may be a useful surrogate for multispecies conservation. They move across tropical seascapes throughout their life history, in a pattern of habitat use that is shared with many other species. We examined their value as a conservation surrogate and assessed the importance of seascape connectivity (i.e., the physical connectedness of patches in the seascape) among reefs, mangroves, and seagrass to marine reserve performance. Reserves were designed for bumphead parrotfish, but also enhanced the abundance of other species. Integration of local ecological knowledge and seascape connectivity enhanced the abundance of 17 other harvested fish species in local reserves. This result has important implications for ecosystem functioning and local villagers because many of these species perform important ecological processes and provide the foundation for extensive subsistence fisheries. Our findings suggest greater success in maintaining and restoring marine ecosystems may be achieved when they are managed to conserve surrogate species and preserve functional seascape connections. Incorporación de Especies Sustitutas y de Conectividad Marina para Mejorar los Resultados de Conservación     

泉州湾红树植物中重金属元素的分布与储量

用ICP-AES测定了泉州湾洛阳江河口红树植物桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)和秋茄(Kandelia candel)根际沉积物中重金属总量和有效态含量,以及这2种植物体内重金属的含量,探讨了该红树林湿地重金属元素的分布、富集和储量情况。结果表明,2种红树植物根际沉积物中重金属总量均表现为:Fe>Mn>Zn>V>Pb>Cr>Cu>Ni>Co>Cd,有效态含量均表现为:Fe>Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu>V>Cr>Ni>Co>Cd,部分重金属具有一定潜在的有害生物效应;Fe、V在2种红树植物根部的含量最高,Mn在叶中的含量最高,其余重金属未有明显的统一规律;相关性分析表明,2种植物根中Cu和Zn,Pb和V、Co、Ni,Cr和Zn,Zn和V,V和Co、Ni,Co和Ni之间互有明显协同作用;除Mn在叶中存在较强的富集能力(富集系数大于1),2种红树植物对其余重金属元素的富集能力均较小,远达不到超富集植物的要求;秋茄和桐花树对Mn从根向叶的迁移能力最强,Cu、Cr、Zn在2种植物中的迁移系数均大于1,Cd在桐花树中的迁移系数也大于1,说明2种植物都有将这些元素向叶中输送的趋势,应注意其通过食物链富集作用引起的危害。2种红树植物中重金属总储量大小表现为:Mn>Fe(秋茄则Fe>Mn)>Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>V>Ni>Co>Cd,其中Mn和Fe的总储量之和分别占到了总储量的97.7%(桐花树)和99%(秋茄)。     

广西防城港红树植物木榄种群结构的研究

木榄是红树林重要树种,在广西主要分布在防城港.本文从种群生态学的角度,探讨了广西防城港红树林保护区木榄种群的高度结构、胸径结构、冠幅结构和空间格局特征.结果表明,木榄种群个体高度集中分布在2～4 m;木榄种群个体胸径集中分布在10～20 cm或30～50 cm.木榄种群冠幅结构受密度、个体对空间竞争等的影响较大,冠幅直径与种群密度呈现较高程度的负相关(R=-0.911).样地Q1,Q2,Q3趋于集群分布;样地Q5处于集群分布;样地Q4,Q6趋于随机分布.     

Rising sea and threatened mangroves: a case study on stakeholders,engagement in climate change communication and non-formal education

Scientific consensus shows that the changes related to climate change are already occurring and will intensify in the future. This will likely result in significant alterations to coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, increase coastal hazards and affect lifestyles of coastal communities. There is increasing speculation that mangrove, a socio-economically important ecosystem, will become more fragile and sensitive to uncertain climate variability such as sea level rise. As a result, mangrove-dependent societies may find themselves trapped in a downward spiral of ecological degradation in terms of their livelihoods and life security. Strengthening the resilience capacity of coastal communities to help them cope with this additional threat from climate change and to ensure sustainability calls for immediate action. In this context, this paper critically examines the regional implications of expected sea level rise and threats to mangrove-dependent communities through a case study approach. The main objective is to highlight the requirement for climate change communication and education to impart information that will fulfil three expectations: (1) confer understanding; (2) assess local inference on climate change through a participatory approach; and (3) construct a framework for climate change awareness among mangrove-dependent communities through community-based non-formal climate change education. This scale of approach is attracting increasing attention from policymakers to achieve climate change adaptation and derive policies from a social perspective.     

Selecting cost‐effective areas for restoration of ecosystem services

Selection of areas for restoration should be based on cost‐effectiveness analysis to attain the maximum benefit with a limited budget and overcome the traditional ad hoc allocation of funds for restoration projects. Restoration projects need to be planned on the basis of ecological knowledge and economic and social constraints. We devised a novel approach for selecting cost‐effective areas for restoration on the basis of biodiversity and potential provision of 3 ecosystem services: carbon storage, water depuration, and coastal protection. We used Marxan, a spatial prioritization tool, to balance the provision of ecosystem services against the cost of restoration. We tested this approach in a mangrove ecosystem in the Caribbean. Our approach efficiently selected restoration areas that at low cost were compatible with biodiversity targets and that maximized the provision of one or more ecosystem services. Choosing areas for restoration of mangroves on the basis carbon storage potential, largely guaranteed the restoration of biodiversity and other ecosystem services. Selección de Áreas Rentables para la Restauración de Servicios Ambientales     

深圳红树林水体浮游植物多样性与营养状态评价

通过监测深圳福田红树林水体浮游植物,掌握浮游植物多样性组成和时空分布特征,并利用浮游植物群落多样性指数结合生物量、数量,对水体营养状态进行评价。结果表明,浮游植物种类少,数量大。硅藻分布广泛,在种类和数量上占主导地位,优势种为微小小环藻(Cyclotella caspia)和诺氏海链藻(Thalassiosira nordenski ldi)等,一些耐污染的藻类,如小颤藻(Oscillatoria minima)、裸藻(Euglenaspp.)在特定季节成为一些站位的优势种。浮游植物种类组成时空变化显著,而数量的空间变化明显,季节差异不大。检测出富营养化指示种15种,中营养化指示种11种,贫营养化指示种9种。浮游植物的生物评价指数显示,深圳红树林水体处于中~富营养化状态,有向富营养化过渡的趋势,水体遭受严重污染,应注意加强对内陆径流和污水排放进入红树林的严格控制和管理。