首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   1278篇
  免费   583篇
  国内免费   105篇
安全科学   113篇
废物处理   35篇
环保管理   154篇
综合类   1259篇
基础理论   272篇
环境理论   2篇
污染及防治   38篇
评价与监测   37篇
社会与环境   42篇
灾害及防治   14篇
  2024年   6篇
  2023年   77篇
  2022年   56篇
  2021年   105篇
  2020年   102篇
  2019年   88篇
  2018年   64篇
  2017年   96篇
  2016年   73篇
  2015年   63篇
  2014年   86篇
  2013年   102篇
  2012年   127篇
  2011年   106篇
  2010年   87篇
  2009年   76篇
  2008年   48篇
  2007年   94篇
  2006年   95篇
  2005年   83篇
  2004年   53篇
  2003年   31篇
  2002年   29篇
  2001年   41篇
  2000年   23篇
  1999年   22篇
  1998年   39篇
  1997年   27篇
  1996年   18篇
  1995年   14篇
  1994年   9篇
  1993年   7篇
  1992年   9篇
  1991年   4篇
  1990年   4篇
  1988年   2篇
排序方式: 共有1966条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
为提高腐蚀管道失效压力的预测精度并简化其计算过程,提出基于粗糙集(RS)和粒子群算法(PSO)融合极限学习机(ELM)的腐蚀管道失效压力预测模型。通过属性约简提取影响失效压力的关键因素,选用PSO优化ELM的输入权值和隐含层偏差,将归一化的核心指标数据代入计算。结果表明:该模型预测结果与实际值基本一致,与单一ELM模型相比,预测结果的均方差(MSE)降至0.255;与其他蚀管道失效压力评价模型相比,该模型预测结果的绝对误差平均值降至0.32。  相似文献   
2.
目前国内关于海洋修复工程的考核研究多为修复工程的生态效果考核,极少包含成本效益考核,以致无法比较和分析不同类型、不同规模的海洋修复工程的生态绩效,不利于海洋修复工程的考核和验收管理。根据当前自然资源部实施“蓝色海湾”等整治修复工程的检查验收管理的新需求,本文构建了基于海洋生态系统健康恢复、生态系统服务价值增长和单位成本生态效益等理论的海洋修复工程生态绩效考核指标体系。此外,本文以温州海域2014—2016年海洋修复的生态绩效的考核为例,结合考核结果以及直接相关性、独立性、可测量性和业务化等指标选取原则,对指标体系进行了改进。结果表明本指标体系可以在海洋修复工程的检查验收中被用于生态绩效考核,管理部门可根据海洋修复工程的类型和管理需求,有选择性地采纳部分或全部指标进行考核。  相似文献   
3.
Marine coastal ecosystems, commonly referred to as blue ecosystems, provide valuable services to society but are under increasing threat worldwide due to a variety of drivers, including eutrophication, development, land-use change, land reclamation, and climate change. Ecological restoration is sometimes necessary to facilitate recovery in coastal ecosystems. Blue restoration (i.e., in marine coastal systems) is a developing field, and projects to date have been small scale and expensive, leading to the perception that restoration may not be economically viable. We conducted a global cost–benefit analysis to determine the net benefits of restoring coral reef, mangrove, saltmarsh, and seagrass ecosystems, where the benefit is defined as the monetary value of ecosystem services. We estimated costs from published restoration case studies and used an adjusted-value-transfer method to assign benefit values to these case studies. Benefit values were estimated as the monetary value provided by ecosystem services of the restored habitats. Benefits outweighed costs (i.e., there were positive net benefits) for restoration of all blue ecosystems. Mean benefit:cost ratios for ecosystem restoration were eight to 10 times higher than prior studies of coral reef and seagrass restoration, most likely due to the more recent lower cost estimates we used. Among ecosystems, saltmarsh had the greatest net benefits followed by mangrove; coral reef and seagrass ecosystems had lower net benefits. In general, restoration in nations with middle incomes had higher (eight times higher in coral reefs and 40 times higher in mangroves) net benefits than those with high incomes. Within an ecosystem type, net benefit varied with restoration technique (coral reef and saltmarsh), ecosystem service produced (mangrove and saltmarsh), and project duration (seagrass). These results challenge the perceptions of the low economic viability of blue restoration and should encourage further targeted investment in this field.  相似文献   
4.
针对铬盐废水蒸发系统运行过程中的腐蚀问题,采用失重法、pH值检测、扫描电镜(SEM、EDS)和XRD等手段,模拟研究了温度、Cr^3+质量浓度对20#碳钢腐蚀速率、腐蚀产物的影响,并从废水pH值和形貌分析角度探索腐蚀速率发生突变的原因。研究表明:废水Cr^3+质量浓度在150~180 mg/L范围,碳钢腐蚀速率发生突增,废水酸性迅速增强(pH<4)以及腐蚀产物的致密度和结晶遭到破坏是腐蚀速率发生突变的重要原因;工业生产中可调节工况(温度约65℃和Cr^3+质量浓度低于150 mg/L)来实现安全、经济缓蚀,亦可通过废水pH值和腐蚀产物形貌初步判定蒸发系统腐蚀程度。  相似文献   
5.
为了研究近场脉冲地震下桥梁结构的时变抗震性能,以一座常规连续梁桥为研究对象,引入氯离子侵蚀模型,在考虑多种不确定性因素基础上,采用拉丁超立方抽样建立不同服役时期的时变模型样本,运用增量动力分析方法,从能力、需求以及倒塌等方面对算例桥梁的时变抗震性能进行了研究和评价。结果表明:近场脉冲型地震下结构的抗震需求明显大于远场地震;氯离子侵蚀导致钢筋锈蚀后力学性能发生改变,箍筋对核心混凝土约束能力减弱,锈蚀纵筋屈服强度及极限拉应变都降低,导致桥墩的变形能力下降;与地面运动的不确定性相比,模型参数的不确定性对结构的抗震需求均值及离散性影响均不大;随着服役时间延长,钢筋锈蚀加剧,桥墩出现倒塌破坏的概率加大。  相似文献   
6.
为避免因腐蚀导致油气管道失效,针对因管道特性和腐蚀尺寸的不确定性使得管道剩余强度成为概率模型的特点,建立了腐蚀管道强度损失随机模型;借助可靠性理论,通过分析管道腐蚀进程的时变性特点,将管道系统由损伤积累和抗力衰减导致的剩余强度随机化;提出基于穿越率的腐蚀油气管道失效评定及安全寿命预测方法。研究结果表明:腐蚀速率和运行压力对管道失效概率及安全寿命影响显著,管道尺寸影响适中,而相关系数和拉伸强度影响较小;若腐蚀速率Va=0.2 mm/a,VL=10 mm/a或局部腐蚀缺陷半径达到管道壁厚的0.5倍时,建议作为重点风险段监测并检修。所建方法是对腐蚀油气管道运营监控和风险评估的有益补充。  相似文献   
7.
Increasingly, large-scale conservation initiatives (e.g. through protected area networks and transboundary connectivity initiatives) are growing in prevalence as their diverse sustainability benefits are further understood. Conventional, centralized approaches to conservation, often featuring unconnected discrete ‘patches’, are no longer sufficient for achieving effective, long-term protection. The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of how to achieve effective large-scale conservation initiatives by addressing the following objectives: (1) To assess the degree to which local actors are involved in coastal and marine conservation practices, with a focus on large-scale conservation initiatives (LCIs); and, (2) To identify barriers and opportunities for achieving effective large-scale conservation. This paper presents findings from research in the Dominican Republic where social-ecological components of coastal and marine systems are considered from multiple perspectives to advance management and increase effectiveness of LCIs. Data were acquired through semi-structured interviews with 35 coastal and marine actors (e.g. fishers, ministers, non-governmental organizations, practitioners, academics) working at local to international scales. Interview data were analysed through thematic coding using QSR-Nvivo 12 software. Respondents expressed that non-governmental actors (e.g. private organizations, coastal communities) should have an increased role in developing, implementing and managing coastal and marine LCIs. Additionally, respondents commented on strategies to enhance social connectivity (i.e. sharing experiences, programs and expertise) within coastal and marine practices to enhance effectiveness and facilitate learning. Findings contribute to the understanding of complex coastal and marine social-ecological systems of the Dominican Republic and provide further support for involving multiple actors in governance processes.  相似文献   
8.
针对某台600 MW亚临界参数汽轮机低压转子的末三级叶片(2Cr12NiMo1W1V钢)出汽侧裂纹进行了宏观形貌观察、化学成分分析、金相组织分析、室温冲击韧性试验、硬度试验,并对断口进行了扫描电镜及能谱分析。结果表明:此次开裂的低压转子叶片,是由于其化学成分Mo元素含量低于标准要求,导致材料的KISCC降低,以及硬度偏低造成裂纹扩展所需的外界启动应力降低,进而在运行过程中拉应力和湿蒸汽的氧化腐蚀共同作用下,发生了应力腐蚀开裂。  相似文献   
9.
含硫油品储罐内的腐蚀产物与油品中的活性硫反应生成硫化物,而此类硫腐蚀产物氧化自燃是导致储油罐发生火灾、爆炸事故的重要原因.通过试验考察了氧气体积比对硫腐蚀产物氧化自燃过程的影响,探索了铁锈模拟物在氧化过程中SO2气体的释放规律.结果表明:氧气浓度越高,硫腐蚀产物的自燃危险性越大;随着O2浓度增加,氧化反应中SO2的浓度越大,SO2气体析出速度越快,当氧化反应的温度为40℃时,SO2气体浓度达到最大.  相似文献   
10.
The establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) is a critical step in ensuring the continued persistence of marine biodiversity. Although the area protected in MPAs is growing, the movement of individuals (or larvae) among MPAs, termed connectivity, has only recently been included as an objective of many MPAs. As such, assessing connectivity is often neglected or oversimplified in the planning process. For promoting population persistence, it is important to ensure that protected areas in a system are functionally connected through dispersal or adult movement. We devised a multi-species model of larval dispersal for the Australian marine environment to evaluate how much local scale connectivity is protected in MPAs and determine whether the extensive system of MPAs truly functions as a network. We focused on non-migratory species with simplified larval behaviors (i.e., passive larval dispersal) (e.g., no explicit vertical migration) as an illustration. Of all the MPAs analyzed (approximately 2.7 million km2), outside the Great Barrier Reef and Ningaloo Reef, <50% of MPAs (46-80% of total MPA area depending on the species considered) were functionally connected. Our results suggest that Australia's MPA system cannot be referred to as a single network, but rather a collection of numerous smaller networks delineated by natural breaks in the connectivity of reef habitat. Depending on the dispersal capacity of the taxa of interest, there may be between 25 and 47 individual ecological networks distributed across the Australian marine environment. The need to first assess the underlying natural connectivity of a study system prior to implementing new MPAs represents a key research priority for strategically enlarging MPA networks. Our findings highlight the benefits of integrating multi-species connectivity into conservation planning to identify opportunities to better incorporate connectivity into the design of MPA systems and thus to increase their capacity to support long-term, sustainable biodiversity outcomes.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号