Photocatalytic mechanisms of indoleamine destruction by the quinalphos metabolite 2-hydroxyquinoxaline: a study on melatonin and its precursors serotonin and N-acetylserotonin

The redox-active quinalphos main metabolite, 2-hydroxyquinoxaline, is particularly effective under excitation by light. We have studied the photocatalytic destruction of melatonin and its precursors, because the cytoprotective indoleamine has been detected in high quantities in mammalian skin. In photooxidation reactions, in which melatonin, N-acetylserotonin and serotonin are destroyed by 2-hydroxyquinoxaline, the photocatalyst is virtually not consumed. Rates of melatonin and serotonin destruction are not changed by the singlet oxygen quencher 1,4-diazabicyclo-(2,2,2)-octane, indicating that this oxygen species is not involved in the primary reactions, so that the persistence of 2-hydroxyquinoxaline has to be explained by redox cycling. This should imply formation of an organic radical, presumably the quinoxaline-2-oxyl radical, from which 2-hydroxyquinoxaline is regenerated by electron abstraction from indolic radical scavengers. Electron donation by 2-hydroxyquinoxaline is demonstrated by reduction of the 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazolinyl-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical under ultrasound excitation. The compound 2-hydroxyquinoxaline interacts with the specific superoxide anion scavenger Tiron. Formation of oligomeric products from melatonin and serotonin is strongly inhibited by sodium dithionite. Products from photocatalytic indolamine conversion are predominantly dimers and oligomers. No kynuramines were detected in the case of serotonin oxidation, and melatonin's otherwise prevailing oxidation product N ¹-acetyl-N ²-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine, another cytoprotective metabolite, is only formed in relatively small quantities. The proportion between products from melatonin is changed by 1,4-diazabicyclo-(2,2,2)-octane: singlet oxygen, also formed under the influence of excited 2-hydroxyquinoxaline, only affects secondary reactions.     

外源褪黑素对As3+胁迫下水稻种子萌发的影响

研究添加外源褪黑素对As³⁺胁迫下水稻种子萌发及生理指标的影响。结果表明添加外源褪黑素能促进As³⁺下水稻种子的萌发，提高水稻的发芽势和发芽率，促进水稻幼苗的生长。当As³⁺浓度为100 μmol L^-1时，添加100 μmol L^-1褪黑素使水稻种子发芽率和总根长比对照分别提高57.1%和50.0%。添加褪黑素能显著提高As³⁺胁迫下水稻幼苗中抗氧化酶系统过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性，并降低水稻幼芽中丙二醛(MDA)的含量。当As³⁺浓度为100 μmol L^-1时，添加50 μmol L^-1和100 μmol L^-1褪黑素导致水稻幼芽中POD活性比对照处理分别提高57.5%和114.8%，CAT活性提高29.4%和53.8%，SOD活性提高31.5%和56.0%，丙二醛含量比对照处理降低16.5%和31.9%。添加褪黑素也能显著提高As³⁺胁迫下水稻的根系活力，当As³⁺浓度为100 μmol L^-1时，50、100 μmol L^-1褪黑素处理后根系活力比对照分别提高42.4%和124.1%。说明添加外源褪黑素可缓解As³⁺胁迫对水稻的脂质过氧化损害，有效降低As对水稻内膜的破坏，显著缓解As污染对水稻的毒害作用。     

Therapeutic effect of melatonin against aluminum-induced neurotoxicity in cerebellum of albino mice

The therapeutic effect of melatonin (MEL) against aluminum (Al)-induced neurotoxicity was investigated in mouse cerebellum. Two groups of male albino mice were intraperitoneally injected with Al acetate or MEL alone, at doses of 3.5 or 7?mg?kg^?1?day^?1, respectively, for 6 weeks. During this period, another group of animals received a combination of both Al and MEL (3.5?+?7?mg?kg^?1?day^?1). At the end of the treatment cerebellum was removed and processed to examine the oxidative stress markers: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS). Oxidative stress increased significantly with administration of Al which was estimated by increased TBA-RS and reduction in the activities of SOD and CAT. However, these alterations were significantly reversed significantly following MEL treatment which was observed in co-administered group. Protective effects of MEL were also observed at electron microscopic level. Ultrastructural studies revealed an increase in vacuolization, chromatin condensation within the nucleus, degenerated purkinje cell, degenerated axon and degenerated granule cells in the cerebellum of Al-treated mice group whereas concurrent administration of MEL with Al reduced these changes. The results of the present investigation emphasize the potential use of MEL as a supplement in therapy of free radical based neurological disorders in which oxidative stress is involved.     

邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯单独暴露及与褪黑素联合作用对小鼠脑组织损伤研究

人类神经系统成熟的海马神经元细胞不能进行复制与自我修复,导致了神经系统易受到环境污染物损伤的风险.邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(Diisonyl phthalate,DINP)是一种增塑剂替代产品,类雌激素作用较弱,正受到欧盟的推广使用.虽然目前已有一些研究表明了DINP的毒性,但有关其神经毒性的体内研究国内还较少.因此,本研究探讨了DINP单独暴露及与褪黑素联合作用对小鼠脑组织的影响.行为学分析显示,经灌胃200 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)的DINP会导致小鼠行为学出现明显变化;脑组织病理学观察、免疫组化分析(半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(Caspase-3)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP))、氧化应激水平检测(活性氧簇(ROS)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OH-d G)、DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC))、炎症水平检测(肿瘤坏死因子ɑ(TNF-ɑ)、白介素1β(IL-1β))结果显示,小鼠脑组织海马区出现了病理学损伤,氧化应激和炎症水平上升(p0.01).DINP处理后予以50 mg·kg-1·d-1的褪黑素可以降低氧化应激水平,对小鼠脑组织海马区起到保护作用.以上数据表明,实验剂量(200 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))DINP处理后可以导致小鼠脑组织损伤,同时予以褪黑素可以在一定程度上缓解这种损伤.     

Effects of melatonin on cadmium accumulation in the accumulator plant Perilla frutescens

To enhance the phytoremediation ability of the heavy metal accumulator Perilla frutescens, melatonin (MT) was applied at different concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200?μmol/L) to P. frutescens growing in cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil (10?mg/kg). The MT treatments increased the root and shoot biomasses of P. frutescens, with the maximum increase in the 150?μmol/L MT treatment (79.51% and 36.18% higher, respectively, than those of the control). The MT treatments also enhanced superoxide dismutase activity, peroxidase activity, and the soluble protein concentration of P. frutescens, and 100–200?μmol/L MT increased the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll concentrations in P. frutescens. The MT treatments increased the Cd concentrations in roots and shoots of P. frutescens in a dose-dependent manner. Different MT concentrations increased the Cd accumulation amounts of roots and shoots of P. frutescens, with the maxima accumulation amounts in the 150?μmol/L MT treatment (226.98% and 85.89% higher, respectively, than those of the control). These results show that MT can promote the growth and phytoremediation ability of P. frutescens growing in Cd-contaminated soil, and the optimum MT dose is 150?μmol/L.     

Cd胁迫下不同外源植物激素对水稻幼苗抗氧化系统及Cd吸收积累的影响

为了探讨外源添加植物激素对Cd胁迫下水稻幼苗的抗氧化系统及Cd吸收积累情况的影响,减少Cd在植物体内的运输和积累,从而来缓解Cd对水稻的胁迫.以中嘉早17水稻幼苗为研究对象,进行水培试验,设置0、5和25 μmol·L^-1这3个Cd浓度处理,3种外源植物激素处理：不添加植物激素、100 μmol·L^-1褪黑素（MT）、0.2 μmol·L^-12,4-表油菜素内酯（EBL）和0.2 μmol·L^-1茉莉酸（JA）,共12个处理,每个处理重复3次.测定水稻幼苗体内Cd的含量,同时也对水稻幼苗地上部及根部丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量进行分析.结果表明,在5 μmol·L^-1和25 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,外源添加MT、EBL和JA使地上部MDA含量显著降低了11%~24%,但是根系与地上部情况恰好相反,添加3种外源物质均导致根系中MDA含量增加,其中MT和EBL现象明显,在5 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,与CK相比,分别提高了45.5%和20.0%;在25 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,分别提高了46.2%和19.8%.外源添加植物激素可显著增加水稻幼苗地上部和地下部POD、CAT的活性,降低GSH以及Cd的含量,在5 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,添加MT、EBL和JA导致水稻地上部Cd含量分别降低39.4%、40.1%和51.6%,根部分别降低38.9%、40.2%和7.0%;25 μmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,地上部Cd含量分别降低18.9%、14.5%和35.6%,根部分别降低85.3%、81.1%和56.5%.由此可见,通过外源添加低浓度植物激素MT、EBL和JA,可缓解Cd对水稻的胁迫,降低Cd对水稻的毒害作用.     

植物中的褪黑激素:含量、检测方法与功能

近年来发现褪黑激素不仅存在于动物中,而且在植物尤其是药用植物和食用植物中也普遍存在.目前国外对植物中的褪黑激素研究比较关注,国内仅有个别报道.本文综述了截止目前国内外对植物中褪黑激素含量与功能的研究进展,同时也介绍了褪黑激索的测量方法等.检测褪黑激素的方法有HPLC(高效液相法),RIA(放射免疫测定),LC-MS(液相色谱-质谱),GC-MS(气相色谱-质谱)等方法.褪黑激素在植物中有许多重要功能,如抗自由基抗氧化,促进植物生长和影响短日照植物开花,促进果实成熟以及抑制细胞程序性死亡等.因此研究褪黑激素在植物中的含量和功能对人们的生产生活具有较大的实际意义.最后讨论了植物中褪黑激素研究及其在农业生产中应用的前景.表1参41     

外源褪黑素对As~(3+)胁迫下水稻种子萌发的影响

本文研究了添加外源褪黑素对As~(3+)胁迫下水稻种子萌发及生理指标的影响。结果表明:添加外源褪黑素能促进As~(3+)胁迫下水稻种子的萌发,提高水稻的发芽势和发芽率,促进水稻幼苗的生长。当As~(3+)浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)时,添加100μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素能使水稻种子发芽率和总根长比对照分别提高57.1%和50.0%。添加褪黑素能显著提高As~(3+)胁迫下水稻幼苗中抗氧化酶系统过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,并降低水稻幼芽中丙二醛(MDA)的含量。当As~(3+)浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)时,添加50μmol·L~(-1)和100μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素导致水稻幼芽中POD活性比对照处理分别提高57.5%和114.8%,CAT活性提高29.4%和53.8%,SOD活性提高31.5%和56.0%,丙二醛含量比对照处理降低16.5%和31.9%。添加褪黑素也能显著提高As~(3+)胁迫下水稻的根系活力,当As~(3+)浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)时,50、100μmol·L~(-1)褪黑素处理后根系活力比对照分别提高42.4%和124.1%。这说明添加外源褪黑素可缓解As~(3+)胁迫对水稻的脂质过氧化损害,有效降低As对水稻内膜的破坏,显著缓解As污染对水稻的毒害作用。     

外源褪黑素对锑胁迫下水稻幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响

为了探讨外源添加褪黑素(MT)对锑(Sb)胁迫下水稻幼苗影响,以华润2号水稻幼苗为研究对象进行水培实验,采用荧光探针定位技术对水稻幼苗根尖的活性氧(ROS)进行荧光定位,并对水稻幼苗根部根系活力、丙二醛(MDA)含量、 ROS(H₂O₂、 O^-₂·)含量、抗氧化酶(SOD、 POD、 CAT、 APX)活性和抗氧化剂(GSH、 GSSG、 AsA、 DHA)含量进行分析.结果表明,外源添加MT能缓解Sb胁迫对水稻幼苗生长的不利影响,提高水稻幼苗的生物量;与单独Sb处理相比,添加100μmol·L^-1的MT使水稻根系活力和总根长分别提高44.1%和34.7%,MDA、 H₂O₂和O^-₂·含量分别降低37.0%、 32.7%和40.5%.此外,MT处理不仅使POD和CAT活性分别提高54.1%和21.8%,还能调节AsA-GSH循环.由此可见,外源添加100μmol·L^-1...     

褪黑素对水稻幼芽镍胁迫的缓解作用

研究添加外源褪黑素对水稻幼芽Ni胁迫的缓解作用.结果表明,较低浓度Ni（10 μmol·L^-1、50 μmol·L^-1）胁迫对水稻幼芽根系生长影响不大,而较高浓度Ni（100~1000 μmol·L^-1）胁迫显著地抑制水稻根系的生长.与CK处理相比,100~1000 μmol·L^-1 Ni胁迫导致水稻总根长降低63.3%~98.0%,根表面积降低56.9%~96.3%.褪黑素的添加能明显地促进Ni胁迫下水稻幼芽的生长,尤其是对幼芽的根系生长促进作用更明显.当Ni胁迫浓度为100 μmol·L^-1时,两个水稻品种总根长相较于无Ni胁迫的对照组降低了58.4%~83.8%,在添加10 μmol·L^-1褪黑素处理后,水稻总根长相较于无Ni胁迫的对照组仅降低了8.7%~29.1%.添加外源褪黑素导致Ni胁迫下水稻幼芽的O₂^-·产生速率和相对电导率显著降低,CAT活性和可溶性蛋白含量显著提高.与100 μmol·L^-1 Ni胁迫处理相比,添加10 μmol·L^-1褪黑素能显著地降低两种水稻品种O₂^-·产生速率43.2%~50.2%、相对电导率25.7%~31.6%,提高CAT活性21.9%~33.7%、可溶性蛋白含量82.6%~84.6%.褪黑素可以有效地缓解Ni胁迫对水稻幼芽的毒害作用.