Influence of dissolved humic substances on the mass transfer of organic compounds across the air-water interface

The effect of dissolved humic substances (DHS) on the rate of water-gas exchange of two volatile organic compounds was studied under various conditions of agitation intensity, solution pH and ionic strength. Mass-transfer coefficients were determined from the rate of depletion of model compounds from an apparatus containing a stirred aqueous solution with continuous purging of the headspace above the solution (dynamic system). Under these conditions, the overall transfer rate is controlled by the mass-transfer resistance on the water side of the water-gas interface. The experimental results show that the presence of DHS hinders the transport of the organic molecules from the water into the gas phase under all investigated conditions. Mass-transfer coefficients were significantly reduced even by low, environmentally relevant concentrations of DHS. The retardation effect increased with increasing DHS concentration. The magnitude of the retardation effect on water-gas exchange was compared for Suwannee River fulvic and humic acids, a commercially available leonardite humic acid and two synthetic surfactants. The observed results are in accordance with the concept of hydrodynamic effects. Surface pressure forces due to surface film formation change the hydrodynamic characteristics of water motion at the water-air interface and thus impede surface renewal.     

水体表面微层的环境化学研究

水体表面微层是大气和水体间的界面，其物理、化学和生物特性可影响水体中各种物质的存在形式及最终归缩。本文总结了近几十年的参考文献，对表面微层的采样及各类物质的表面微层的行为做了系统的论述，指出了研究的难点和今后的发展方向。     

有机污染物在水体表面微层的富集行为

研究邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（ＤＢＰ）,邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯（ＤＥＨＰ）和阴离子表面活性剂在水体表面微层的富集行为．现场分析结果表明邻苯二甲酸酯在小型封闭湖泊表面微层中存在富集现象,富集倍数在１～１１之间,湖水的理化性质及采样方式均影响富集倍数的大小．室内微宇宙研究表明ＤＢＰ和ＤＥＨＰ在微宇宙水体表面微层中均存在富集现象,富集倍数分别为２．８１和１．９８,藻类、颗粒物和腐殖酸也同时在微宇宙水体表面微层中富集．当水体中加入表面活性物质和腐殖酸时,邻苯二甲酸酯（ＤＢＰ、ＤＥＨＰ）在表面微层的富集倍数随加入的２种物质浓度的增大而降低．对阴离子表面活性剂的富集动力学研究表明,当表面微层遭到破坏后,其在表面微层达富集平衡需较长时间,水体浓度也影响富集倍数     

Surface microlayer enrichment of volatile organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds in drinking water source

Enrichment of volatile organic compounds(VOC) and semi-volatility organic compounds(SVOC) in surface microlayer(SM) of three ddnking water sources were studied. The enrichment factor(EFs) were 0.67 to 13.37 and 0.16 to 136, respectively. The results showed some VOC and most SVOC could enrich in SM. Some EFs of SVOC was quite high. Suspension and temperature could affect EFs of SVOC, slim wind and water movement do not destroy enrichment of organic in SM.     

水体表面微层中酞酸酯的光降解研究

研究了水体表面微层中酞酸酯化合物光降解的动力学,指出光催化降解符合一级动力学过程,实验证明：催化剂ＴｉＯ２为２ｇ．ｌ＾－１,ｐＨ为６,并有Ｈ２Ｏ２存在时,是ＤＢＰ,ＤＥＨＰ光降解的最佳条件,溶解氧增加有利于光降解,实际表面微层水样的光催化降解速率比模拟水样快。     

大亚湾海域海水中各种形态磷的研究

根据 1999年 5月 (春季 )的调查 ,统计了大亚湾海域海水微表层、次表层、表层和底层水中各种形态P的含量 ,计算了各种形态P分别占总磷 (TP)和总溶解磷 (TDP)的百分比 ,讨论了各种形态P之间的相互关系 ,分析了影响颗粒磷 (PP)和溶解磷 (TDP)分布的环境因素。结果表明 ,大多数站位微表层对各种形态P产生了富集 ,但是富集概率有所差别 ;大亚湾海域水中P ,除微表层主要以PP形态存在外 ,其余水层均主要以TDP形态存在 ,TDP在所有水层中均以DOP为主要存在形态 ;各个水层中PP是影响TP分布变化的主要因素 :影响PP在微表层、次表层和表层分布变化的主要环境因素为COD ,在底层则为叶绿素a与COD的叠加 ;影响TDP在微表层和底层分布变化的主要环境因素为盐度 ,在次表层和表层则为COD。     

胶州湾海洋微表层铜络合的容量

采用阳极溶出伏安法测定了2004年胶州湾海水微表层和次表层金属铜离子的络合容量和条件稳定常数,系统地探讨了其分布规律及其与COD、DOC、TN和TP的相关性.结果表明,胶州湾海水微表层铜络合容量有富集现象,平均值微表层为3.85×10^-7mol·L^-1,次表层为2.45×10^-7mol·L^-1,富集倍数1.56.条件稳定常数(lgK)微表层为7.21,次表层为7.21;且3月、9月微表层小于次表层,6月、12月微表层大于次表层.胶州湾铜络合容量东北部>西北部>南部>中部>湾口;且9月>6月>12月>3月.海水微表层和次表层铜络合容量与COD、DOC存在显著正相关性,而与TN、TP存在较好负相关性.     

Environmental Assessment of the Impact of Ozone to the Neuston of the Sea-Surface Microlayer of the Gulf of Mexico

Substantial amounts of NOx (146 000 t/y) and total hydrocarbons (294 000 t/y) are released to the marine atmosphere by the large number of oil and gas operations over Federal waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Under appropriate meteorological conditions these emissions react to form ozone (0–54 g/m3 over-water) which can affect the marine environment. Using a dry deposition model, this work examines the amount of ozone derived from oil and gas offshore operations and deposited in the sea surface of the Gulf of Mexico, and assesses its impact on the neuston of the sea-surface microlayer. Surface integrated estimates of ozone deposited from oil and gas operations over the sea surface ranges from 400 kg to 1800 kg which results in sea surface concentrations of 15 g/m3. This estimate and the actual toxic ozone levels suggest no acute, toxic impacts to the neuston. However, indirect effects may occur through changes to the pelagic foodwebs and organic carbon pathways. Another potential pathway for ozone impacting the environment is through the production of bromate. Based on the concentrations and time scales (11–139 days) only sublethal effects appear to occur, but uncertainties associated with this assessment need to be further studied. From an ecological perspective, the environmental impacts and risks of NOx and VOC discharges from offshore platforms need to be assessed for neuston and other components of the marine ecosystem.     

Distribution of heavy metals in the dissolved and suspended phase of the sea-surface microlayer, seawater column and in sediments of Singapore’s coastal environment

Concentrations of heavy metals were determined in the water column (including the sea-surface microlayer, subsurface, mid-depth and bottom water) and sediments from Singapore’s coastal environment. The concentration ranges for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the seawater dissolved phase (DP) were 0.34–2.04, 0.013–0.109, 0.07–0.35, 0.23–1.16, 0.28–0.78, 0.009–0.062 and 0.97–3.66 μg L⁻¹ respectively. The ranges for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the suspended particulate matter (SPM) were 0.16–0.73, 6.72–53.93, 12.87–118.29, 4.34–60.71, 1.10–6.08 and 43.09–370.49 μg g⁻¹, respectively. Heavy metal concentrations in sediments ranged between 0.054–0.217, 37.48–50.52, 6.30–21.01, 13.27–26.59, 24.14–37.28 and 48.20–62.36 μg g⁻¹ for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively. The lowest concentrations of metals in the DP and SPM were most frequently found in the subsurface water while the highest concentrations were mostly observed in the SML and bottom water. Overall, heavy metals in both the dissolved and particulate fractions have depth profiles that show a decreasing trend of concentrations from the subsurface to the bottom water, indicating that the prevalence of metals is linked to the marine biological cycle. In comparison to data from Greece, Malaysia and USA, the levels of metals in the DP are considered to be low in Singapore. Higher concentrations of particulate metals were reported for the Northern Adriatic Sea and the Rhine/Meuse estuary in the Netherlands compared to values reported in this study. The marine sediments in Singapore are not heavily contaminated when compared to metal levels in marine sediments from other countries such as Thailand, Japan, Korea, Spain and China.     

珠江广州段水体微表层与次表层中多环芳烃的分布与组成

2009年3月对珠江广州段微表层与次表层水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布与组成进行了研究.结果表明,珠江广州段微表层和次表层水中16种溶解态PAHs浓度为622.0～2132.2ng·L-1,与DOC存在正相关关系;颗粒态为316.7～639.5ng·L-1,与颗粒物浓度存在明显的线性相关;PAHs的组成以2～3环为主,溶解态中2～3环PAHs占总量的86.0%～95.7%,明显高于颗粒态中2～3环PAHs占总量的(68.8%～84.0%)百分比,PAHs的辛醇-水分配系数及其物理化学性质是造成这一差异的主要原因;微表层对PAHs有一定的富集作用,富集因数EF在1.1～1.5之间(溶解态1.2～1.5,颗粒态1.1～1.3).