长白山温带森林挥发性有机物的排放通量

2010年夏季,在长白山温带森林开展了挥发性有机物(VOC)排放通量以及气象参数、PAR的综合测量.VOC排放通量采用松弛涡度积累(RelaxedEddyAccumulation)技术在森林冠层上进行测量.初步发现长白山阔叶林主要排放α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、莰烯、香桧烯、月桂烯、蒈烯、柠檬烯、罗勒烯、松油烯、繖花烃、萜品油烯、三环烯等.研究表明,长白山阔叶混交林VOC排放有明显的日变化——早晚较低和中午前后较高.2010年夏季,单萜烯总排放通量的平均值为0.242mg·m·h-2-1,其变化范围为0.005～1.668mg·m·h-2-1;各成分排放通量的平均值(和最大值)分别为α-蒎烯0.072(0.234)、莰烯0.028(0.356)、月桂烯0.027(0.433)、蒈烯0.023(0.173)、柠檬烯0.037(0.197)、罗勒烯0.016(0.168)、萜品油烯0.053(0.320)、繖花烃0.067(0.755)mg·m·h-2-1.研究还发现VOC排放通量与气温之间存在一定的联系.     

Biogenic VOCs emission inventory development of temperate grassland vegetation in Xilin River basin, Inner Mongolia, China

Given the key role of biogenic volatile organic compounds(VOCs) to tropospheric chemistry and regional air quality, it is important to generate accurateVOCs emission inventories. However, only a less fraction of plant species, in temperate grassland of Inner Mongolia, has been characterized by quantitative measurements. A taxonomic methodology, which assigns VOCs measurements to unmeasured species, is an applicable and inexpensive alternation for extensive VOCs emission survey, although data are needed for additional plant families and genera to further validate the taxonomic approach in grassland vegetation. In this experiment, VOCs emission rates of 178 plant species were measured with a portable photoionization detector( PID). The results showed the most of genera and some families have consistent feature of their VOCs emission, especially for isoprene, and provide the basic premise of taxonomic methodology to develop VOCs emission inventories for temperate grassland. Then, the taxonomic methodology was introduced into assigning emission rate to other 96 species, which no measured emission rates available here. A systematical emission inventory of temperate grassland vegetation in Inner Mongolia was provided and further evidence that taxonomy relationship can serve as a useful guide for generalizing the emissions behavior of many, but not all, plant families and genera to grassland vegetation.     

我国植物VOCs排放速率的研究

1992～2000年,使用流动式、封闭式采样法,气相色谱-火焰离子化检测器,测定了我国4 种气候类型(温带-寒温带,温带,温带-亚热带,热带-亚热带),7 个地区(黑龙江,北京,福建,广东,四川,湖南,云南),共 58 种当地优势树种、庄稼和草地异戊二烯和单萜烯的排放速率.使用G93 算法,换算出相应异戊二烯和单萜烯的标准排放因子,并划分了这些排放因子的等级.同种树种在不同的气候带和季节的排放有明显的差异,通常,VOCs 排放速率南方高于北方,夏季高于冬季;阔叶树主要排放异戊二烯,针叶树主要排放单萜烯,但是我国南方相当数量的阔叶林的排放特征不符合上述规律.     

臭氧浓度升高对植物源挥发性有机化合物(BVOCs)影响的研究进展

伴随地表臭氧(O_3)浓度在全球范围内的普遍上升,针对植物源挥发性有机化合物(biogenic volatile organic compounds,BVOCs)与地表O_3之间复杂的交互作用,本文综述了O_3浓度升高对BVOCs影响方面取得的研究进展,并对未来研究提出了展望.研究进展主要包括BVOCs应对单因子O_3胁迫的影响因素(如BVOCs种类,植物功能类型,植物O_3敏感性及O_3胁迫程度),以及O_3分别与升温/二氧化碳(CO_2)/干旱/氮(N)沉降等因子复合对BVOCs释放的影响.虽然O_3胁迫不影响BVOCs释放的研究最多,但O_3胁迫的降低作用在异戊二烯和落叶树种的研究中更突出,增加的结果更多地出现在单萜(MTs)、常绿植物和急性熏蒸的实验里. O_3与升温/N沉降复合处理增加MTs释放,O_3与CO_2复合处理降低了异戊二烯释放.鉴于研究样本的稀缺,建议加强该领域研究,同时要考虑短期和长期处理、个体和生态系统水平研究的差异;加强以O_3为主的多因子复合及生物与非生物多重胁迫对BVOCs影响的研究,以便更好评估陆地生态系统BVOCs对当前及未来O_3污染情景的响应,为今后大气污染防治提供有价值的理论支撑.     

泰山夏季PM2.5中生物源SOA的分子组成及影响因素

为探究泰山夏季PM_2.5中生物源二次有机气溶胶（BSOA）的分子组成、昼夜变化特征、及影响因素,于2016年7~8月在泰山山顶进行PM_2.5样品采集,并对碳质组分、无机离子和BSOA示踪物进行分析.结果表明,元素碳（EC）和左旋葡聚糖质量浓度处于较低水平且昼夜差异较小（t检验,P < 0.05）,表明采样期间泰山山顶气溶胶受人为污染排放的影响较小.BSOA示踪物的总质量浓度呈昼高夜低的变化特征,表明白天较强的温度和太阳辐射使得气溶胶的氧化程度比夜间强.其中,异戊二烯类SOA示踪物的质量浓度最高达（77.64±51.79）ng/m³,其次为单萜烯类和倍半萜烯类SOA示踪物,分别为（33.68±21.29）和（6.97±3.28）ng/m³.基于示踪物-产率法估算得出SOC_异戊二烯对有机碳（OC）的贡献率（15.3%）最高.由BSOA示踪物与RH（R￡-0.45）和pH_is（R￡-0.53）的负相关性可知,高湿条件可以降低气溶胶的酸度进而抑制BSOA通过酸催化氧化反应的形成.由BSOA与温度和人为源指示物（左旋葡聚糖和EC）的相关性分析得出,采样期间泰山地区BSOA主要受当地BVOCs氧化反应的影响,而受长距离传输人为污染源的影响较小.     

植物挥发性有机物的作用与释放影响因素研究进展

植物释放的挥发性有机物属于植物次生代谢物质,对环境和人类生存具有正反两方面的作用。一方面,它们具有杀菌抑菌、保健等功能;另一方面,它们还参与对流层大气化学过程,对全球气候变化、碳循环和人类健康等有潜在的负面影响。综述了植物挥发性有机物(BVOCs)的作用、影响BVOCs释放的因素及还有待扩展和深入研究的方面,并对今后的研究进行了展望。结果表明:1)植物挥发性有机物对环境和人类健康有正反两方面的作用,目前大部分研究集中于杀菌抑菌等正面效应,而针对植物VOCs的负面效应研究较少;2)影响植物VOCs释放的因素包括内部因素(树种差异、生理因素、N素)和外部因素(光照、温度、湿度、CO2、臭氧和胁迫),目前研究多集中于单一因素;3)今后应加强植物VOCs释放机理的研究,分析其他因素或几种因素相互作用对植物释放VOCs的影响;建立和完善理论模型,用以模拟各种植物VOCs排放的时空动态,更好地预测全球气候变化。     

北京森林BVOCs排放现状及动态变化特征分析

以北京地区森林植被为研究对象,基于森林资源清查蓄积资料和逐小时气象数据,采用光温影响模型对2000~2020年北京森林BVOCs排放量进行估算,并分析其对空气质量的影响.结果显示,2020年北京森林BVOCs排放量为39.57×10⁹g C,异戊二烯、单萜烯和OVOCs分别占72.19%、17.48%和10.32%,杨树、栎树等阔叶树是主要的异戊二烯排放源,油松等针叶树是主要的单萜烯排放源.2000~2020年森林BVOCs排放量从20.30×10⁹g C/a增加到39.57×10⁹g C/a,年平均增长率4.75%;BVOCs排放量的变化表现出明显阶段性特征,2000~2010年增长缓慢,2010~2020年出现大幅上升.20年间异戊二烯所占比重呈下降趋势,单萜烯和OVOCs所占比重则呈上升趋势;杨树对BVOCs排放量的贡献逐渐降低,栎树和其他阔叶树的贡献明显增加,北京新增森林更加注重物种多样化.2000~2020年,BVOCs的O₃生成潜势从181.76×10⁹g增加到331.07×10⁹g,异戊二烯占92.70%,是主要的贡献者;SOA生成潜势从1.11×10⁹g增加到2.65×10⁹g,单萜烯和异戊二烯分别占75.40%和24.60%.O₃生成潜势最大的树种是杨树,SOA生成潜势最大的树种是油松.森林BVOCs排放在夏季对O₃污染的贡献最大,未来绿化中应考虑优化树种组成.     

Plant volatiles are behavioral cues for adult females of the gall wasp Antistrophus rufus

Summary. The purpose of this study was to identify plant volatiles that provide host location cues for adult females of the gall wasp Antistrophus rufus Gillette (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Larvae of this species inhabit flowering stems of the prairie perennial Silphium laciniatum L. (Asteraceae). Adult females responded to volatile compounds emitted by stems of S. laciniatum in field olfactometer bioassays. Plant volatiles were monoterpenes, including, in descending order of abundance, racemic - and -pinene (~50% + enantiomer for both), (+)-limonene, (–)-camphene, and -myrcene. In laboratory bioassays, females responded to aeration extracts of plant stems, the full blend of synthetic monoterpenes, and the four-component blend of -pinene, -pinene, (+)-limonene, and (–)-camphene. This monoterpene blend apparently serves as an olfactory cue for host plant location for female A. rufus and is the first such cue to be reported for a cynipid gall wasp. Species-specific ratios of plant monoterpenes may provide cues for gall wasp females to distinguish between plant species and choose appropriate hosts for oviposition. The olfactometer and bioassay techniques developed for this research may be useful for field bioassays of other types of minute arthropods.     

长白山温带森林单萜烯排放模拟

于2010年夏季,采用松弛涡度积累(Relaxed Eddy Accumulation)技术在长白山温带森林铁塔上测量了挥发性有机物(VOC)冠层尺度的排放通量,同步测量了气象参数、光合有效辐射(PAR)等,初步获得长白山阔叶林单萜烯的排放通量.同时,利用PAR能量守恒原理,建立了冠层尺度上单萜烯排放的经验模式.结果发现,模拟结果与测量结果比较一致,平均而言,模拟值高出测量值约20%～40%.采用不同方法对经验模式进行了检验,结果表明,采用比较各个采样时段平均值的方法可行,而且经验模式对于2010年夏季不同采样时段的平均值也给出了较好的模拟结果,其模拟值高出测量值约20%～24%.     

The sex pheromone of the grain aphid,Sitobion avenae (Fab.) (Homoptera,Aphididae)

Summary The sex pheromone of the grain aphid,Sitobion avenae (Fab.), is identified as (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone, for which specific olfactory cells are located in the secondary rhinaria of the male antenna. The related (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol was not produced by females in significant amounts (ca 10,000-fold less than the nepetalactone), although cells in the male antenna were found that responded specifically to this compound. Behavioural activity in the linear track ol-factometer showed attraction of males to the nepetalactone, but not to the nepetalactol.