Bioherbicidal activity of terpenes and phenylpropenes against Echinochloa crus-galli

Abstract

This study was undertaken to evaluate the herbicidal activity of twelve natural compounds belonging to monoterpenes, phenylpropenes, and sesquiterpenes against Echinochloa crus-galli under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. Experiments were conducted to determine the impact of different concentrations (0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8?mM) of these compounds on the seed germination and root and shoot growth of barnyard grass. trans-Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and thymol caused the highest impact on barnyard grass reducing its seed germination and shoot growth. p-Cymene (EC₅₀ = 0.22?mM) and trans-cinnamaldehyde (EC₅₀ = 0.34?mM) were the most potent compounds in limiting the root growth of the E. crus-galli. In a post-emergent experiment, thymol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, farnesol, and nerolidol significantly reduced the shoot growth, fresh and dry weight of two-leaf stage barnyard grass after 2 days of the foliar treatment with the concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%. These compounds induced severe visible injury symptoms where trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, farnesol and nerolidol showed a complete weed control at 1.0 and 2.0%. These compounds were successfully formulated as emulsifiable concentrates and showed higher herbicidal activities against barnyard grass. Altogether, our data showed that trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, thymol, farnesol, and nerolidol can be developed as novel bioherbicides for managing E. crus-galli.     

北京地区植物VOCs排放速率的测定

植物释放的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)主要集中在异戊二烯和单萜烯上,这些种类的化合物占生物圈VOCs释放量2/3.采用封闭式采样和气相色谱分析对北京地区23种典型植物异戊二烯和单萜烯排放速率进行测定和研究,发现阔叶树(如槐,垂柳等)主要释放异戊二烯;而针叶树(如油松)和果树主要释放单萜烯.同时发现植物异戊二烯的释放受光照和温度的影响,而单萜烯的释放则主要受温度的影响.     

气候变化对太岳山中部油松单萜烯排放的影响

以全球气候模式NorESM1-M产生的RCP2.6,RCP4.5,RCP6.0和RCP8.5气候变化情景数据和植物VOCs排放计算模型,模拟分析了气候变化对山西太岳山中部油松叶片单萜烯排放速率的影响.结果显示,未来气候变化影响下山西太岳山中部气温呈上升趋势,降水和辐射强度波动大.在RCP2.6,RCP4.5,RCP6.0和RCP8.5情景与基准情景下,油松单萜烯日排放速率在1~210d呈上升趋势,在210~365d呈下降趋势;在未来气候变化情景下比基准情景下高约2μg/（g·d）,在RCP8.5情景下最高;油松单萜烯日排放速率在未来气候变化情景与基准情景下差异在1~95d和296~365d较小,在96~295d波动较大.同时,相比基准情景,单萜烯日排放速率增幅在1~190d较高（增加12%~14%以上）,在191~315d较小（增加9%~13%以上）,在316~365d增加12%~18%以上,在RCP8.5情景下增幅最大（增加14%以上）.另外,油松单萜烯年排放速率在未来气候变化情景下比基准情景下平均高约1000μg/（g·a）以上,在RCP8.5情景下增幅最大（约12%）.说明,未来气候变化将使油松单萜烯排放速率增加.     

我国几种典型树种非甲烷烃类的排放特征

采用封闭式采样法和带有预浓缩及程序升温装置的熔融毛细管柱气相色谱仪，对我国的松、柏、杨、槐等几种典型树种排放非甲烷烃类（ＮＭＨＣ）的组成和排放速率进行了定性和定量测定，初步确定了不同树种和的特征物种和排放规律，结果表明，针叶树种和阔叶树种排放的ＮＭＨＣ组成差别很大，各树种的排放规律除了与自身的结构和生理活动等在内在因素有关外，还在不同程度上受到外界因素（主要是温度和光强）的影响，一般温度越高，光强     

Investigation of natural VOC emitted from tropical vegetations in China

Twenty-three kinds of typical plants in Xishuangbanna, the tropical area of southwestern China, were screened to estimate the emission rates of isoprene and monoterpenes by adopting bag-enclosure and curette sampling methods followed by a GC-FID analysis. It was found that the Ficus species were mainly emitting isoprene and most tropical vegetations were mainly releasing monoterpenes. The results also showed that the emissions of isoprene were affected by both temperature and PAR( Photosynthetic Active Radiation), while monoterpene emissions were mainly temperature-dependent.     

Effect of host and larval frass volatiles on behavioural response of the old house borer,Hylotrupes bajulus (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), in a wind tunnel bioassay

Summary. In a wind tunnel bioassay the effect of three concentrations of natural extracts of (1) Scots pine wood, Pinus sylvestris, and (2) larval frass on the behavioural response of unmated females and males of the old house borer, Hylotrupes bajulus, was tested and compared to the behavioural effects of the male-produced sex pheromone (3R)-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone. The influence on the behaviour of both sexes was found to be equally significant for the two higher concentrated hexane extracts of wood and larval frass. Therefore several synthetic monoterpenes present in the extracts and ethanol were tested at the two higher concentrations (1:100, 1:1000 vol/vol). Among the higher concentrated monoterpenoid hydrocarbons [(+)-α-pinene, (+)-β-pinene, (+)-limonene], only α-pinene increased the activity, orientation towards scent source and interest towards conspecifics. The tests with higher concentrated ethanol and the oxygenated monoterpenes [(-)-verbenone, (-)-trans-pinocarveol, (+)-terpinen-4-ol, (+)-α-terpineol, (-)-myrtenol] revealed that verbenone is the most effective stimulant for the females, followed by trans-pinocarveol, terpinen-4-ol and α-terpineol. For males, terpinen-4-ol was the only mediator significantly inducing attraction and orientation towards the scent source combined with an interest in conspecifics apparent by fighting or courtship behaviour. Males did not respond to verbenone which is a main compound of larval frass. Myrtenol and ethanol were ineffective in both sexes. In fact behavioural observations suggest that the beetles were repelled by the high dose of myrtenol. Using the ten-fold lower dose of the synthetic monoterpenes (1:1000 vol/vol), all semiochemicals except myrtenol lost activity. Myrtenol, however, induced behavioural responses, like increased activity and orientation towards scent source, only at the low concentration. Based on the results, primary attraction of unmated old house borer is probably mediated by monoterpenes of coniferous wood, while secondary attraction to infested wood would occur in response to volatiles of larval frass. Received 5 May 1999; accepted 30 September 1999     

北方常见绿化树种BVOCs排放特征及其与光合作用参数的相关性

为了解北方常见绿化树种植物源挥发性有机化合物(biogenic volatile organic compounds,BVOCs)的排放特征及其与光合作用参数(净光合速率P_n、气孔导度g_s、胞间CO_2浓度c_i、蒸腾速率T_r)的相关性,本实验采用动态采样装置收集14种落叶乔木BVOCs排放数据.结果表明,不同科属间异戊二烯和总BVOCs(异戊二烯、单萜和倍半萜烯之和)释放速率差异显著(P0.01).除金银木和榆树,其他绿化树种均释放异戊二烯、单萜和倍半萜烯类物质,其中杨柳科(杂交杨‘546’、速生杨‘107’、小叶杨、垂柳)和豆科植物(国槐、刺槐、龙爪槐)排放异戊二烯较多,释放速率在(30.1±4.3)～(91.8±10.0)μg·(g·h)~(-1)之间;木犀科(白蜡、丁香)、蔷薇科海棠、无患子科栾树和槭树科元宝枫主要排放单萜和倍半萜烯,其中白蜡和元宝枫单萜释放速率最高,分别为(10.6±4.8)μg·(g·h)~(-1)和(11.8±6.4)μg·(g·h)~(-1).罗勒烯和β-蒎烯是绿化树种排放的两种主要单萜物质.P_n和g_s与BVOCs释放速率之间无显著相关性,但杨柳科植物异戊二烯(r=0.681,P0.01)和总BVOCs(r=0.698,P0.01)释放速率与叶片T_r呈显著正相关,而豆科植物的总BVOCs释放速率与c_i呈显著正相关(P=0.04).本研究为城市绿化树种的筛选和配置提供科学参考,也为BVOCs释放机制的研究提供理论依据.     

西双版纳热带森林挥发性有机物的观测研究

2002年7月中旬利用异戊二烯通量测定系统对云南西双版纳热带森林异戊二烯的排放通量进行了连续测量,同时对光合有效辐射(PAR)、气温、湿度、风等参数进行了观测.结果表明,热带地区人工橡胶林区域湿季异戊二烯的排放有明显的日变化规律,中午前后为一天中的最大值,异戊二烯排放通量的日平均值在0.85～0.24mgC/(m²h)之间.对小时值和日平均值而言,异戊二烯的排放与PAR和气温的变化规律比较一致,但它对PAR比对气温更加敏感.不同的天气状况对异戊二烯的排放有非常明显的影响.橡胶林是一个单萜烯排放者,其单萜烯的排放速率明显依赖于PAR.橡胶林和热带雨林冠层上空异戊二烯和单萜烯的浓度也有明显的日变化规律,而且橡胶林区域的异戊二烯和单萜烯的浓度均明显高于热带雨林.     

GC-EAD responses to semiochemicals by eight beetles in the subcortical community associated with Monterey pine trees in coastal California: similarities and disparities across three trophic levels

Summary.  Antennae of six sympatric bark and ambrosia beetles (Scolytidae), Dendroctonus valens LeConte, Gnathotrichus retusus (LeConte), Hylastes tenuis Eichhoff, Ips mexicanus (Hopkins), Ips plastographus maritimus Lanier, and Pseudohylesinus sericeus (Mannerheim), and two scolytid predators, Enoclerus sphegeus (F.) (Cleridae) and Lascontonus tuberculatus Kraus (Colydiidae), were analyzed by gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) for their responses to synthetic Ips spp. pheromone components, and host and nonhost volatiles. The beetles emerged from cut logs of pitch canker-infected Monterey pine trees, Pinus radiata D. Don. There were significant disparities in EAD response patterns to the hemiterpene and monoterpene alcohol pheromone components that are typically produced by Ips spp. Antennae of I. p. maritimus responded strongly to ( ± )-ipsdienol, ( ± )-ipsenol, amitinol, and lanierone; antennae of I. mexicanus responded strongly to (1S,2S)-(–)-cis-verbenol, with weaker responses to ( ± )-ipsdienol, ( ± )-ipsenol, and amitinol; antennae of H. tenuis responded to (1S, 2R)-(–)-trans-ver-benol, with less pronounced responses to (–)-cis-verbenol and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol; and antennae of D. valens, G. retusus, and P. sericeus generally responded to all Ips spp. pheromone components except 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (D. valens and G. retusus) and E-myrcenol (G. retusus and P. sericeus). Ips mexicanus responded only to the (–)-enantiomers of ipsenol and ipsdienol, whereas I. p. maritimus responded to (–)-ipsenol, but to both the (+)- and (–)-enantiomers of ipsdienol. The antennae of the two predaceous insects (E. sphegeus and L. tuberculatus) responded to a range of the Ips spp. pheromone components. Host monoterpenes elicited no antennal responses from E. sphegeus, G. retusus, H. tenuis, and I. mexicanus, but several monoterpenes elicited various levels of responses from D. valens and I. p. maritimus antennae. Interestingly, antennae of female D. valens responded to (–), but not (+)-limonene. α- and β-Pinene elicited weak responses from L. tuberculatus antennae. EAD responses to selected nonhost volatiles were almost identical among the six scolytid species, with trans-conophthorin eliciting the strongest response in most cases, followed by three C₆- alcohols and two C₈-alcohols. The antennal responses by most of these species to linalool or geranylacetone were very weak; (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, and benzyl alcohol elicited almost no response. The response pattern of P. sericeus to nonhost volatiles differed slightly from the rest of the scolytids: a strong response to linalool, weaker response to the C₈-alcohols. The two predaceous Coleoptera generally had weak, but detectable, responses to nonhost volatiles, except for a relatively strong response to trans-conophthorin by L. tuberculatus. No notable differences in EAD responses were observed between males and females of the two Ips spp. Our results provide an electrophysiological baseline for future efforts to identify attractive and repellent semiochemicals (aggregation pheromones, host kairomones, or nonhost interruptants) for this guild of scolytids and their key predators that are associated with moribund and pitch canker- infected P. radiata.     

An Estimate of Biogenic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds during Summertime in China (7 pp)

Background and Aim An accurate estimation of biogenic emissions of VOC (volatile organic compounds) is necessary for better understanding a series of current environmental problems such as summertime smong and global climate change. However, very limited studies have been reported on such emissions in China. The aim of this paper is to present an estimate of biogenic VOC emissions during summertime in China, and discuss its uncertainties and potential areas for further investigations. Materials and Methods This study was mainly based on field data and related research available so far in China and abroad, including distributions of land use and vegetations, biomass densities and emission potentials. VOC were grouped into isoprene, monoterpenes and other VOC (OVOC). Emission potentials of forests were determined for 22 genera or species, and then assigned to 33 forest ecosystems. The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis database was used as standard environmental conditions. A typical summertime of July 1999 was chosen for detailed calculations. Results and Discussion The biogenic VOC emissions in China in July were estimated to be 2.3×10¹²gC, with 42% as isoprene, 19% as monoterpenes and 39% as OVOC. About 77.3% of the emissions are generated-from forests and woodlands. The averaged emission intensity was 4.11 mgC m⁻² hr⁻¹ for forests and 1.12 mgC m⁻² hr⁻¹ for all types of vegetations in China during the summertime. The uncertainty in the results arose from both the data and the assumptions used in the extrapolations. Generally, uncertainty in the field measurements is relatively small. A large part of the uncertainty mainly comes from the taxonomic method to assign emission potentials to unmeasured species, while the ARGR method serves to estimate leaf biomass and the emission algorithms to describe light and temperature dependence. Conclusions This study describes a picture of the biogenic VOC emissions during summertime in China. Due to the uneven spatial and temporal distributions, biogenic VOC emissions may play an important role in the tropospheric chemistry during summertime. Recommendations and Perspectives Further investigations are needed to reduce uncertainties involved in the related factors such as emission potentials, leaf biomass, species distribution as well as the mechanisms of the emission activities. Besides ground measurements, attention should also be placed on other techniques such as remotesensing and dynamic modeling. These new approaches, combined with ground measurements as basic database for calibration and evaluation, can hopefully provide more comprehensive information in the research of this field. Submission Editor: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Lammel (lammel@recetox.muni.cz)