不同低碳氮比废水中好氧颗粒污泥的长期运行稳定性

为了研究好氧颗粒污泥系统处理低碳氮比废水的长期运行稳定性,采用低碳氮比（C/N）条件下逐步增加碳氮负荷的进水方法,分别在反应器A和B中接种好氧颗粒污泥,考察其长期运行过程中的理化性质、处理性能及应对冲击负荷的稳定性.其中A反应器的碳氮比一直维持在2,而B则由4逐步降至2.结果表明,在4℃存储30d的好氧颗粒污泥,经过25d的培养,其活性基本恢复,A、B反应器化学需氧量（COD）和氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）的去除效率均达到90%以上.在其后的稳定阶段,B反应器COD和NH₄⁺-N去除率达到90%以上,实现了完全硝化;而A反应器COD去除率仅80%左右,虽然NH₄⁺-N去除率最终也达到90%以上,但仅实现短程硝化.在冲击负荷阶段,A和B反应器COD去除率仍维持在80%以上,但是NH₄⁺-N去除受到很大冲击.A反应器NH₄⁺-N去除效率恶化,B反应器仅实现了部分硝化.整个运行过程,好氧颗粒污泥的物理性质受到的影响不大,A和B反应器的污泥容积指数（SVI₃₀）分别维持在60 mL ·g^-1和75 mL ·g^-1左右,混合液悬浮固体（MLSS）在5g ·L^-1和3.7g ·L^-1左右.颗粒污泥微生物群落分析表明,B反应器相对于A反应器丰富度和多样性更高.同时B反应器具有更高丰度的Zoogloea属,在颗粒中能产生更多的胞外蛋白促使颗粒结构更稳定,保证系统的长期稳定运行.以上结果表明,与C/N为2的好氧颗粒污泥系统相比,C/N为4的系统脱碳硝化效果好,抗冲击负荷能力强,更有利于颗粒污泥的长期稳定运行.     

石臼漾人工湿地冬夏季全程氨氧化微生物的分布、群落结构及其影响因素研究

湿地作为水体与陆地之间的过渡地带,具有独特的生态环境特性,是氮循环反应的关键区域.研究湿地生态系统中的全程氨氧化过程（complete ammonia oxidation,comammox）,解析该区域中comammox细菌的分布与群落结构特征,补充了此前该新型氨氧化微生物在湿地生态系统中分布特征的研究空白,对于完善comammox细菌在各种不同生态系统中分布情况的研究具有重要意义.本研究在石臼漾人工湿地中于冬夏两季分别采集了大沟中心、大沟边缘、小沟中心和小沟边缘的表层沉积物样品,利用PCR、荧光定量PCR和amoA功能基因高通量测序等方法,解析人工湿地中comammox细菌的时空分布与群落结构特征.主要研究结果如下：①所有样品中均检测到了comammox细菌,其丰度为1.77×10⁵~4.07×10⁷ copies·g^-1.冬季,comammox细菌丰度在大沟中高于氨氧化细菌（ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB）和氨氧化古菌（ammonia oxidizing archaea,AOA）,在小沟中高于AOB,但低于AOA;夏季,comammox细菌丰度在所有样点中均高于AOB和AOA.②冬夏两季样品中,comammox细菌丰度与底物NH₄⁺-N浓度均呈负相关关系,且夏季样品中呈显著性负相关.③主坐标分析（Principle Coordinate Analysis,PCoA）与多样性分析结果表明,comammox细菌群落结构具有空间异质性,且冬季物种多样性高于夏季.     

水库沉积物贫营养型好氧反硝化菌(Pseudomonas sp.)分离及其对微污染水体脱氮效率分析

为探究深水水库沉积物微生物功能特征及利用价值,于2019年在实验室对小湾水库表层沉积物微生物进行了驯化分离,并分析了其中一株细菌的脱氮效率.结果表明,分离出的细菌XW731经鉴定属于假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）,是一种贫营养型好氧反硝化菌;在分别以NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N为唯一氮源时,该菌对NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N去除率分别为33.6%、68.5%和9.1%;以NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N为氮源时,对NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N去除率分别为66.4%、89.6%,同步硝化反硝化能力更强.将该菌投加到两种城市微污染水体后测试表明,该菌对城市河道水体的NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N去除率分别为38.3%和42.4%,对城市降雨水体的NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N去除率分别为22.2%和7.7%.     

Responses of nitrification performance, triclosan resistome and diversity of microbes to continuous triclosan stress in activated sludge system

Triclosan(TCS) is commonly found in wastewater treatment plants,which often affects biological treatment processes.The responses of nitrification,antibiotic resistome and microbial community under different TCS concentrations in activated sludge system were evaluated in this study.The experiment was conducted in a sequencing batch reactor(SBR)for 240 days.Quantitative PCR results demonstrated that the abundance of ammonium oxidizing bacteria could be temporarily inhibited by 1 mg/L TCS and then gradually recovered.And the abundances of nitrite oxidizing bacteria(NOB) under 2.5 and 4 mg/L TCS were three orders of magnitude lower than that of seed sludge,which accounted for partial nitrification.When the addition of TCS was stopped,the abundance of NOB increased.The mass balance experiments of TCS demonstrated that the primary removal pathway of TCS changed from adsorption to biodegradation as TCS was continuously added into the SBR system.Moreover,TCS increased the abundance of mexB,indicating the efflux pump might be the main TCS-resistance mechanism.As a response to TCS,bacteria could secrete more protein(PN) than polysaccharide.Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix revealed that tryptophan PN-like substances might be the main component in PN to resist TCS.High-throughput sequencing found that the relative abundances of Paracoccus,Pseudoxanthomonas and Thauera increased,which could secrete extracellular polymeric substances(EPS).And Sphingopyxis might be the main TCS-degrading bacteria.Overall,TCS could cause partial nitrification and increase the relative abundances of EPS-secreting bacteria and TCS-degrading bacteria.     

Sources, distribution, and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in Nairobi City, Kenya

The distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in air and surface waters were monitored in Nairobi City using triolein-filled semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). The SPMDs were extracted by dialysis using n-hexane, followed by cleanup by adsorption chromatography on silica gel cartridges. Sample analysis was done by GC-ECD and confirmed by GC–MS. Separation of means was achieved by analysis of variance, followed by pair-wise comparison using the t-test (p≤ 0.05). The total OCPs ranged between 0.018 – 1.277 ng/m³ in the air and <LOD – 1391.000 ng/m³ in surface waters. Based on the results, the means of Industrial Area, Dandora and Kibera were not significantly different (p≤ 0.05), but were higher (p≤ 0.05) than those of City square and Ngong’ Forest. The results revealed non-significant (p≤ 0.05) contribution of long-range transport to OCP pollution in Nairobi City. This indicated possible presence of point sources of environmental OCPs in the city. The water-air fugacity ratios indicated that volatilization and deposition played an important role in the spatial distribution of OCPs in Nairobi City. This indicated that contaminated surface waters could be major sources of human exposure to OCPs, through volatilization. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) determined from inhalation of atmospheric OCPs were 2.3745  ×  10^?13 – 1.6845  ×  10^?11 (adult) and 5.5404  ×  10^?13 – 3.9306  ×  10^?11 (child) in the order: Dandora > Kibera > Industrial Area > City Square > Ngong’ Forest. However, these were lower than the USEPA acceptable risks, 10^?6 – 10^?4. This study concluded that atmospheric OCPs did not pose significant cancer risks to the residents.     

三亚河红树林表层沉积物中好氧氨氧化微生物的分布特征及潜在硝化速率

氨氧化过程是硝化作用的限速步骤,氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB)和氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA)是氨氧化作用的主要驱动者,其分布特征及其对硝化作用的相对贡献是氮素循环的研究热点.采用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究了三亚河红树林表层沉积物中好氧氨氧化微生物的分布特征,并通过测定潜在硝化速率分析了AOB和AOA对硝化作用的相对贡献率.结果表明,多数采样点中,AOA amoA基因丰度高于AOB amoA基因丰度; AOB丰度冬季较高,AOA丰度夏季较高,且冬季AOA和AOB丰度的比值较低;溶解氧、pH、总有机碳和硝态氮对AOB和AOA丰度影响较大; AOB和AOA在夏季的潜在硝化速率均高于冬季,冬季AOA对硝化作用的相对贡献率较高而夏季则是AOB在硝化作用中占主导地位,AOB和AOA的潜在硝化速率与amoA基因丰度均不存在显著相关性.     

铁基质强化新型功能性化粪池高效处理黑水的试验

以铁基质生物载体为核心,将物理、生物和化学方法结合,对化粪池进行功能强化,实现黑水的原位深度处理.探究了溶解氧（DO）和碳氮比（C/N）等因素对黑水中污染物降解的影响,并在最佳运行参数下考察了氮素在系统中的转化机制.结果表明,当C/N为7.3~8.4时,好氧生物铁基质载体池DO为2.3~2.7mg/L时,系统氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、总氮（TN） 、COD和总磷（TP）的平均去除率分别可达90.74%、85.81%、92.65%和95.78%;当进水C/N降至3.3~4.2时,系统NH₄⁺-N、TN、COD和TP的平均去除率仍可维持在81.16%、76.62%、93.87%和94.75%.铁基质生物载体内电解作用显著强化了化粪池内TN的脱除、COD的氧化和TP的固定.氮素转化机制分析表明,内电解与反硝化菌的耦合强化了反硝化作用,降低了反硝化过程对有机碳源的需求,强化了低C/N条件下TN、TP的脱除.     

解决对氨基二甲基苯胺光度法测定硫化物中的几个问题

介绍对氨基二甲基苯胺光度法测定硫化物方法中如何降低空白值,提高硫化钠溶液的稳定度以及提高酸化吹气回收率的原理和方法.     

城市中水回用环境经济效益分析——以福州市洋里污水处理厂出水回用为例

以福州市洋里污水厂出水回用为例,运用费用效益分析方法计算得出静态投资回收期为2.64 a,远远小于基准投资回收期15~20 a。效益-费用比为1.44,大于1。结果表明,洋里污水厂达标出水作为中水回用的经济效益良好,并且具有明显的社会效益和环境效益。     

乙酸型顶极群落的内平衡与反馈调节机制研究

通过产酸脱硫反应器处理高浓度硫酸盐有机废水的连续流试验，从“动态”角度考察COD／SO4^2-比改变引起的pH值、氧化还原电位（ORP）、碱度（ALK）和末端产物（VFAs）等的变动及生态因子的叠加效应引发的优势种群变迁，分析了乙酸型顶极群落的稳定性及其发生定向性生态演替的规律，进而阐明了乙酸型顶极群落抵抗环境压力的内平衡与反馈调节机制，并指出乙酸型代谢和乙酸型顶极群落是产酸脱硫生态系统的典型特征。