Determination of 4-tert-octylphenol in surface water samples of Jinan in China by solid phase extraction coupled with GC-MS

Octylphenols, considered as xenoestrogens, mainly exist as 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) in aquatic environments. The high stability and accumulation of OP in aquatic systems have caused endocrine disruption. The OP in surface water in Jinan, China was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with solid phase extraction (SPE). Water samples were extracted by SPE on a cartridge system containing C-18 as sorbent. To increase sensitivity and selectivity, OP was derivatized to 4-tert-octyl-phenoxy silane. With the use of phenanthrene-d10 as internal standard, the detection limit based on signal-to-noise ratio (S/N = 3) was 0.06 ng/mL. The average recovery was from 84.67% to 109.7%. The precision of the method given as the relative standard deviations (RSD) was within the range 6.24%-12.96%. In the target water samples, the concentrations of OP were as follows: 15.88-71.24 ng/L for Jinxiuchuan Reservoir, 3.850-26.68 ng/L for the city moat, 6.930-41.56 ng/L for Daming Lake, 66.03-474.2 ng/L for Xiaoqing River, 14.66-17.72 ng/L for the Yellow River, and 10.60-26.43 ng/L for Queshan Reservoir. The Xiaoqing River was seriously polluted due to the discharge of wastewater from Jinan. Jinxiuchuan Reservoir had a higher concentration of OP compared with the Yellow River and Queshan Reservoir, which is ascribed to the surrounding human activities. These data are reported for the first time, providing strong support for the control of OP pollution in Jinan.     

Risk assessment of xenoestrogens in a typical domestic sewage-holding lake in China

Release of domestic sewage leads to accumulation of xenoestrogens in holding waters, especially in closed or semi-enclosed waters such as lakes. In the study, the occurrence, distribution, estrogenic activity and risk of eight xenoestreogens were evaluated in Lake Donghu, China. Nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP), and bisphenol A (BPA) were identified as the main xenoestrogens ranging from tens of ng L⁻¹ (in the surface water) or ng g⁻¹ dw (in the suspended particles and sediment) to tens of μg L⁻¹ or μg g⁻¹ dw. The sum of 17β-estradiol equivalents (∑EEQs) ranged from 0.32 to 45.02 ng L⁻¹ in the surface water, 0.53 to 71.86 ng g⁻¹ dw in the suspended particles, and 0.09 to 24.73 ng g⁻¹ dw in the sediment. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) was determined as the main contributor to ∑EEQs followed by NP. The risk assessment showed a higher risk in the surface water than in the suspended particles and sediment in such domestic sewage-holding lake.     

直接固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱法测定辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚

建立了直接固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定污水中辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OPEO_n)低聚物的方法.在最优实验条件下,测定辛基酚(OP)、辛基酚二乙氧醚(OPEO_2)、辛基酚三乙氧醚(OPEO_3)、辛基酚四乙氧醚(OPEO_4)、辛基酚五乙氧醚(OPEO_5)的线性范围分别为10～100,10-1 000,10～500,10～1 000,10～1 000 ng/L;检出限分别为10.4,7.7,8.1,9.0,8.5 ng/L;回收率为78.4%～114.0%,相对标准偏差小于10.4%.以正二十烷为内标,测定污水处理厂出水中的OPEO_n,实验结果表明,OPEO_2质量浓度高且变化范围较大,为133～2 412 ng/L.     

辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚好氧生物降解产物的GC-MS测定

从上海闵行区污水处理厂曝气池中的污泥和上海孙桥农业园区农田表层土壤样品中分离得到两株好氧降解菌株：B16-2（曝气池）和N1（农田）,都能够不同程度地降解辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚（OPEOn）.利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对其好氧生物降解产物进行了表征和鉴别.结果表明,两株菌对OPEOn的好氧生物降解都产生了环境雌激素活性物质--辛基酚,从曝气池中分离出的B16-2好氧降解产生了丁基酚聚氧乙烯醚,从仙人掌土壤分离出的N1菌株降解以羟基端EO链的逐渐断裂为主要途径.     

Distribution patterns of octylphenol and nonylphenol in the aquatic system at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, a subtropical estuarine wetland in Hong Kong

Spatial and temporal distribution of octylphenol （OP） and nonylphenol （NP） in Mai Po Marshes, a subtropical estuarine wetland in Hong Kong, were investigated. Surface water samples were collected every month from 11 sites during the period of September- December 2004. Concentrations of OP and NP ranged from 11.3 to 348 ng/L and from 29 to 2591 ng/L, respectively. The high levels of NP and OP were found in November and December than in September and October. The levels of OP and NP have no significant spatial differences except September. Total organic matter in the sediments appeared to be an important factor in controlling the fate of these compounds in the aquatic environment.     

苏州河底泥3种内分泌干扰物的空间分布及环境风险

应用气相色谱质谱联用方法对苏州河及其支流底泥中3种环境内分泌干扰物壬基酚(NP)、辛基酚(4-t-OP)和双酚A(BPA)的含量进行检测和调查,结果表明,这3种物质在河流底泥中的浓度变幅分别为<1.0～5 800、<0.10～39和0.90～180μg.kg-1,空间分异显著.总体上看,底泥污染物浓度与河流周边人为活动密集程度有关:在苏州河上海市区段底泥的含量显著地高于上海远郊和江苏省内河段底泥含量;苏州河支流底泥中的含量显著高于苏州河干流底泥含量.苏州河及其支流底泥中这3种内分泌干扰物两两之间,存在显著正相关,说明其有相似的物源.以含量较高的壬基酚为例,进行底泥环境内分泌干扰物的风险评估,结果表明,除苏州河江苏省内吴家港桥段外,其它河段均存在潜在的生态毒害风险,需采取相应的防范措施.     

壬基酚和辛基酚联合暴露的血清代谢特征及生物标志物

运用代谢组学方法分析了壬基酚（NP）和辛基酚（OP）联合暴露后大鼠血清代谢成分变化,雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、壬基酚和辛基酚（联合染毒低剂量组（25mg/kg NP+25mg/kg OP）及高剂量组（75mg/kg NP+75mg/kg OP）.连续灌胃7d后处死.通过超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱（UPLC/QTOF-MS）技术获得大鼠血清的代谢指纹图谱,通过主成分分析观察了联合染毒的剂量-效应,通过t检验筛选潜在的生物标志物,并结合代谢物数据库检索对潜在的生物标志物进行鉴定.结果显示,对照组、高、低剂量组各组间代谢谱有明显差别,且随着染毒剂量的增加毒性增强,表现为剂量-效应关系.联合染毒后的血清代谢物中,含量升高的有牛黄胆酸及1-棕榈酰基磷脂酰胆碱,含量降低的有酪氨酸、5-尿苷一磷酸及硫脑苷酯,提示染毒可能对内分泌系统、心血管系统、神经系统以及核苷酸合成、糖代谢、磷脂代谢等产生不良影响.     

烷基酚和烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚的环境行为

烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(APEOs)是一种广泛使用的表面活性剂,在污水处理厂和环境中降解为持久性更强,毒性更大的烷基酚(A^)--辛基酚(OP)及壬基酚(NP),以及短链的NPEO1、NPEO2和NPEO3.这些代谢物中的有些有类环境激素性质,目前环境中存在的浓度已经达到扰乱野生生物和人类内分泌功能的剂量.本文对APEOs和APs在环境各介质中的行为进行综述,列出了该类物质在大气、室内空气、地表水和水底沉积物中、污水处理厂的出水、剩余污泥中,以及土壤等环境各相中的浓度阈分布,同时也分析了其在环境中的迁移转化和归趋,旨在为今后的研究提供有效的依据.     

辛基酚对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的毒性效应

为评价辛基酚(OP)对中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)蝌蚪的急性毒性,将26期蝌蚪暴露在浓度为5.0×10-7～5.0×10-6mol·L-1OP的水体中进行急性毒性实验.结果显示,蝌蚪的死亡率随着OP浓度的升高和暴露时间的延长而增加,24、48、72、96h的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为3.55×10-6、2.96×10-6、1.90×10-6、1.52×10-6mol·L-1;96h零致死浓度(96hLC0)为9.70×10-7mol·L-1;安全浓度(SC)为1.52×10-7mol·L-1.另外,为探讨SC以下OP对蝌蚪生长发育的影响,将26期蝌蚪连续暴露在1.0×10-7、5.0×10-8、1.0×10-8、1.0×10-9mol·L-1OP的水体中,并设1.0×10-7、1.0×10-8mol·L-1雌二醇(E2)阳性对照及空白对照,直至70%蝌蚪完全变态.在暴露20d、40d和70%蝌蚪完全变态时共3次测量蝌蚪及幼蛙的体长和体重,分别统计70%蝌蚪发育至跗蹠部伸长期、前肢伸出期和完全变态期所需的时间.结果表明,SC以下OP和E2对蝌蚪死亡率的影响不明显,但1.0×10-9～1.0×10-7mol·L-1OP和1.0×10-7、1.0×10-8mol·L-1E2可不同程度地延缓蝌蚪发育时间,降低蝌蚪体长和体重,并导致少数蝌蚪发育畸形.结果说明低浓度OP与E2相似,对蝌蚪生长发育具有抑制作用.     

一株辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其降解

采用TX-100为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基进行筛选,经过富集、分离和纯化获得了一株能够耐高浓度TX-100且降解性能较好的降解菌,命名为H1.对细菌H1进行形态学观察、生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA (GenBank Accession No.KC505179)序列相似性分析,初步鉴定为醋酸钙不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter calcoaceticus).通过对菌株H1降解TX-100的产物分析,初步推断TX-100的降解模式为末端氧化,先从EO末端氧化,醚键断裂,形成短链的化合物,同时释放出乙醛酸.质粒检测和消除试验表明,控制菌H1降解TX-100的基因位于质粒上.