水源水库贫营养好氧反硝化菌群脱氮特性研究

为削减微污染水库中氮素的浓度,通过对西安市李家河水库沉积物进行定向富集驯化,筛选出以Pseudomonas菌为主、具有高效好氧反硝化特性的混合菌群-A1.摇床实验表明,贫营养好氧反硝化菌群A1在15h时硝酸盐氮去除率可达93.39%,硝酸盐氮平均去除速率为0.2073mg/（L·h）;总氮去除率为52.11%,总氮平均去除速率为0.1153mg/（L·h）,无亚硝酸盐积累.氮平衡分析表明,约45%的初始氮被去除转化为气体产物.响应面法（RSM）结果表明,C/N比9.96,温度22.67℃,pH8.01,转速91r/min,溶解氧8.55mg/L是去除总氮（TN）的最优条件.     

Present status and changes of the phytoplankton community after invasion of Neosalanx taihuensis since 1982 in a deep oligotrophic plateau lake, Lake Fuxian in the subtropical China

Phytoplankton assemblages in the subtrophical oligotrophic Lake Fuxian, the second deepest lake in China, were investigated monthly from September 2002 to August 2003. A total of 113 species belonging to seven phyla were identified, among them, a filamentous green alga, Mougeotia sp., dominated almost throughout the study period and comprised most of the total phytoplankton biomass.Mougeotia sp. has made a substantial development during the past decades: it was absent in 1957, only occasionally present in 1983,increased substantially in 1993, and became predominant in 2002--2003. It is likely that natural invasion of the Taihu Lake noodlefish (Neosalanx taihuensis) has led to a change of dominant herbivorous zooplankton from small to large calanoid, which has increased grazing pressure on small edible algae, and thus has indirectly favored the development of the inedible filamentous Mougeotia sp.     

Protozooplankton in the Deep Oligotrophic Traunsee (Austria) Influenced by Discharges of Soda and Salt Industries

Traunsee is a deep oligotrophic lake in Austria characterised by an artificial enrichment of chloride in the hypolimnion (up to 170 mg L^-1) caused by waste disposal of soda and salt industries. Protists were collected monthly over one year, observed alive and after Quantitative Protargol Staining (ciliates) or via epifluorescence microscopy (heterotrophic flagellates). Three sites within the lake (0–40 m depths) were compared to deeper water layers from 60–160 m depths where chloride concentrations and conductivity were increased. In addition, we observed the protozooplankton of two neighbouring lakes, i.e. reference systems, during one sampling occasion. In Traunsee the abundance of ciliates was low (200–36 600 cells L^-1) in contrast to high species diversity (at least 60 different species; H_S = 2.6) throughout the year. The main pelagic species in terms of abundance were small oligotrichs and prostomatids like Rimostrombidium brachykinetum/hyalinum, Balanion planctonicum and Urotricha spp. throughout the investigation period. Among free-living heterotrophic flagellates, which occurred at densities of 40–2800 cells mL^-1, small morphotypes dominated in the pelagial. No differences at the community level between the three lakes could be observed and pelagic ciliates and flagellates seemed not to be affected by increased chloride concentrations or by enhanced conductivity.     

耐低温贫营养好氧反硝化菌群脱氮特性及安全性

针对微污染水体强化原位生物脱氮技术同时面临低温、贫营养及好氧问题,对实验室已分离筛选的贫营养好氧反硝化菌和耐低温好氧反硝化菌进行菌源重组,构建出高效耐低温贫营养好氧脱氮功能菌群T1(Y3+F3+H8)和T2(Y3+F4)。研究不同投菌量条件下菌群的脱氮特性,结果表明,投菌量对T1脱氮效果有一定影响,0.1、0.2和1.0 mg/L投量对NO3--N去除率为71%、91%和100%,总氮去除率为56%、34%和52%;T2菌群,当投量为0.2 mg/L时,对NO3--N、总氮去除率最大可达66%和59.48%。对菌群T1、T2进行生物安全性分析,采用次氯酸钠进行消毒,其生物灭活率均达到99.9%以上。     

Elements of Carbon Balance in Oligotrophic Bogs

Elements of carbon balance of oligotrophic bogs were studied using an example of the landscape profile of the Klyuch River in 1998–2000. Carbon balance was preliminarily calculated taking into account the biological productivity, release of carbon dioxide and methane, and carbon outflow with bog waters. Based on the data obtained on the carbon inflow and outflow, the conclusion was made concerning the progressive peat formation in the region studied.     

Pseudomonas sp. QJX-1的锰氧化特性研究

从锰矿土壤样品中分离、纯化出1株高效锰氧化细菌(QJX-1),经16S rDNA序列鉴定为Pseudomonas sp.QJX-1.研究表明,Pseudomonas sp.QJX-1含有锰氧化的必需成分多铜氧化酶基因CumA,当初始Mn2+为5.05 mg·L-1,菌密度D600为0.020时,该菌可在48 h内将Mn2+转化,且转化率高达99.4%.在寡营养条件下该菌锰氧化速率较富营养条件下有显著提高;添加石英砂滤料促使生物膜的快速形成,进而促进Mn2+的生物转化.根据研究结果推测地下水处理过程中生物锰氧化速率较快.     

贫营养好氧反硝化菌株的脱氮特性及氮/碳平衡分析

针对生物法处理贫营养水源水存在脱氮效率不高,脱氮过程电子转移不清楚等问题,以具有高效脱氮功能的贫营养好氧反硝化菌Acinetobacter junii ZMF5为研究对象,探究了菌株脱氮性能、环境适应性及反硝化过程中的电子转移.结果表明:①菌株ZMF5具有高效的异养硝化和好氧反硝化能力,氨氮和硝氮去除速率分别为0.211 mg·(L·h)~(-1)和0.236 mg·(L·h)~(-1),并且在反应过程中无中间产物的累积;②通过氮素去除率以及菌株生长动力学分析,菌株ZMF5对不同类型的碳源均有一定的利用效果,在低C/N、低pH、低温的条件下仍表现出较好的氮去除性能;③氮平衡分析可知,比起碳水化合物羧酸盐化合物更能促进好氧反硝化过程的发生,使菌株脱氮途径发生变化,转化为气态氮(38.81%)的比例大于同化作用的氮(29.81%);④碳平衡分析可得,在反硝化过程中大部分碳源用于电子供体,而用于硝氮还原的电子较少,不同类型的碳源通过不同的还原势、电子供体的丰度和分子量来调节电子向硝酸盐呼吸链的转移.琼氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter junii ZMF5)将为微污染水源水体氮污染控制工程提供一定的菌源保障.     

贫营养条件下IAMBR污泥微生物群落结构的演变

采用PCR-DGGE技术并结合系统处理效果研究了贫营养条件下IAMBR污泥微生物群落结构,结果表明:IAMBR污泥中总细菌多样性特征、相似性特征和种群归属特征具有高度的协同性.运行前18天,氨氮去除率由95%降至73%后增加至82%,同时SVI值由123.7mL/g升至135.2mL/g再降至128.4mL/g.微生物群落在试验末期演替剧烈,总细菌相似性指数下降到63.6%,SVI值最终升至132.5mL/g.通过克隆测序分析,IAMBR系统中微生物菌种大部分为未培养菌种,其中亚硝化螺菌属占据优势地位,说明贫营养环境对IAMBR微生物群落产生不良影响,污泥微生物功能性指向明显,即硝化功能菌占据优势地位.     

贫营养条件下2种MBR污泥微生物的菌群对比

为了揭示贫营养环境下MBR污泥微生物群落结构的演替和菌群变化的异同,取洗浴再生水、工业再生水MBR的污泥进行周期培养,利用PCR-DGGE和克隆测序技术获得了DNA指纹图谱并建立系统发育树。研究表明,微生物群落结构在贫营养条件下演替明显,洗浴水污泥微生物形成新的优势菌群(Uncultured Pseudomonas)而工业水只维持了原有的部分菌群(Uncultured Sphaerotilus)。2种污泥培养过程中种群多样性变化突出且差异显著。同时洗浴水污泥菌群相似性在培养第8天时发生突变而工业水总体变化平缓。克隆测序表明2种MBR污泥中既有与贫营养环境适生的共性种属又有与各自来源相对应的特性种属。菌群特异性与废水来源紧密相关,是造成2种污泥对贫营养环境适应能力不同的根本原因。     

2株好氧反硝化菌的筛选及其强化贫营养生物膜脱氮效果

经富集培养、BTB培养基初筛与反硝化能力测定,从城市污水处理厂活性污泥中筛选得到2株好氧反硝化细菌.通过16S rDNA同源性分析对2株菌进行鉴定;并将这2菌株接种到贫营养生物膜体系中以探究它们对系统总氮的去除能力的强化.结果表明,这2株菌分别属于Pseudomonas aeruginosa和Pseudomonas putida,2株好氧反硝化菌单独存在时,对模拟废水的TN去除率分别达78%和82%;2株细菌强化后的生物膜系统对TN去除率达68%和64%,较非强化对照系统分别提高47%和43%,且NH4+-N去除率均接近100%.说明这2株好氧反硝化细菌具有较强的反硝化能力,并能够有效强化生物膜在贫营养条件下的反硝化能力,并且不会抑制生物膜硝化能力,可实现生物膜系统同步硝化反硝化.