自然灾害灾后重建技术及实践的研究进展

灾后重建是在灾害体发生之时及发生之后,采取应急救援、灾害管理,以及灾后评估、救助、规划等一系列过程,是一个典型的系统工程,可划分为前期应急重建、中期恢复重建及后期发展重建3部分。以自然灾害为主要研究对象,在分析中外关于灾后重建文献的基础之上,归纳了灾后重建的系统特征,介绍了灾后重建技术和实践的研究进展。灾后重建技术包括灾害分类分级、应急救援、灾后评估、灾害管理和重建规划5个方面,灾后重建实践研究分为地震、飓风、洪水和海啸4个方面,并对中外的灾后重建研究发展进行了展望。     

Millennial‐Length Records of Streamflow From Three Major Upper Colorado River Tributaries1

Gray, Stephen T., Jeffrey J. Lukas, and Connie A. Woodhouse, 2011. Millennial‐Length Records of Streamflow From Three Major Upper Colorado River Tributaries. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):702‐712. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00535.x Abstract: Drought, climate change, and shifting consumptive use are prompting a widespread reassessment of water availability in the Upper Colorado River basin. Here, we present millennial‐length records of water year (October‐September) streamflow for key Upper Colorado tributaries: the White, Yampa, and Little Snake Rivers. Based on tree rings, these records represent the first paleohydrological reconstructions from these subbasins to overlap with a series of Medieval droughts (∼ad 800 to 1300). The reconstructions show marked interannual variability imbedded in nonstationary behavior over decadal to multidecadal time scales. These reconstructions suggest that, even in a millennial context, gaged flows from a handful of years (e.g., 1977 and 2002) were extremely dry. However, droughts of much greater duration and magnitude than any in the instrumental record were regular features prior to 1900. Likewise these reconstructions point to the unusual wetness of the gage period, and the potential for recent observations to paint an overly optimistic picture of regional water supplies. The future of the Upper Colorado River will be determined by a combination of inherent hydroclimatic variability and a broad range of human‐induced changes. It is then essential that regional water managers, water users, and policy makers alike consider a broader range of hydroclimatic scenarios than is offered by the gage record alone.     

青藏高原北部库赛湖沉积柱中长链烯酮的分布特征及古环境意义

长链烯酮不饱和度指标U37K或U37K′已被广泛应用于古海洋表层水温的重建,但用于恢复湖泊古温度的研究则相对很少。本文以青藏高原北部咸水湖泊库赛湖作为研究对象,对湖心一个5m沉积柱中的长链烯酮进行了测定分析,并通过分子生物学手段确定了其母源。结果表明该沉积柱的大部分层位存在长链烯酮,其C37/C38<1;DNA测序结果表明库赛湖中的定鞭藻为Isochrysis属,为长链烯酮的母源。根据已发表文献中的湖泊环境中长链烯酮不饱和度指标U37K与温度的经验公式估算出的古湖水温度接近于实测的现代夏季水温,且与甘油二烷基甘油四醚(Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraethers,GDGT)重建的库赛湖古湖水温度范围基本一致。但是,用长链烯酮恢复的古湖水温度总体上稍高于由GDGT计算出的温度且波动更为强烈,这可能与这两种脂类的母源生物在湖中的栖息层位不同有关。     

喀斯特洞穴晶体沉积速率的气候响应

在对本寨洞9个滴水点沉积玻片的晶体沉积质量监测后发现,现代洞穴沉积量主要受控于温度变化,统计的8个玻片沉积中,有6个滴水点的沉积速率与温度呈正相关关系。滴水速率对沉积速率影响较小,在统计的8个滴水点中,只有BZ9滴水点受滴水速率影响明显,具有正相关关系。其环境意义为石笋的生长速率主要受温度控制,呈正相关关系,可作为古温度代用指标。     

临夏盆地13.0~4.3 Ma湖相沉积物中正构脂肪酮记录的古气候演化

本文主要采用气相色谱-质谱分析技术对临夏盆地13.0~4.3 Ma沉积地层剖面样品进行检测,根据样品中正构烷烃、正构脂肪酮-2和正构脂肪酮-3的分布特征,揭示了正构脂肪酮对环境气候的指示意义。正构脂肪酮-2、正构脂肪酮-3与正构烷烃具有相同的有机质来源。其中正构脂肪酮-2的C₂₁^-/C₂₂⁺及正构脂肪-3-酮的C₂₁^-/C₂₃⁺比值变化与地质历史时期的气候与环境条件具有较好的相关性,对环境温度及湿度等变化有一定的指示意义。正构脂肪酮-2、正构脂肪酮-3的高、低碳数优势的转化指示研究区在13.0~4.3 Ma间的古气候具有四个较为明显的变化阶段,其中10.77~9.42 Ma、7.17~6.92 Ma气候由干冷变为暖湿,9.42~7.17 Ma、6.92~6.45 Ma气候由暖湿变为干冷,临夏盆地的干旱化事件指示了我国西北内陆现代干旱气候可能从8 Ma左右开始。     

青藏高原阶段性隆升对亚洲干旱半干旱区冬季粉尘循环的影响

粉尘是大气气溶胶的主要成分之一,对大气能量平衡起着关键作用。一般来讲,黄土高原（LP）粉尘主要来源于北方沙漠区,但有关中国东部及其周边地区粉尘来源的争论仍在继续。为此,本文对比分析了亚洲主要粉尘源区如中亚（CA）和中蒙（CM）粉尘循环对青藏高原阶段性隆升的响应,探讨了CA和CM粉尘排放对下游的贡献。利用美国大气研究中心（NCAR）最新发布的通用地球系统模式（CESM 1.0）,进行了改变青藏高原海拔高度为现在10%,20%,30%?…100%的9个数值试验。分析结果表明,随着青藏高原阶段性隆升中亚和中蒙干旱区冬季降水均线性减弱,与前人研究结果一致。青藏高原阶段性隆升阻塞西风环流使其减弱从而引起中亚粉尘释放减弱;而青藏高原阶段性隆升引起亚洲冬季风加强,促使中蒙粉尘释放加强,与中亚相反。模拟结果与地质记录对比进一步证实了中蒙粉尘源区对黄土高原、中国东部及临近区域粉尘沉降的贡献。     

Paleoecology and dynamics of forest ecosystems in Central Evenkia during the past 2400 years

New data on the composition of surface assemblages of plant macroremains from soil and swamp samples have been obtained in the study of geomorphologically different localities in the middle reaches of the Nizhnyaya Tunguska River. The results of paleocarpological analysis of forest soil sections supported by relevant palynological and geochronological data are presented. Natural changes of the forest cover over the past 2400 years and quantitative characteristics of the paleoclimate during each stage are described.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 1, 2005, pp. 3–10.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Koshkarova, Koshkarov.     

Paleosols of the Solonchanka IX site and climate of the Transural steppe zone in the fourth century AD

Studies on paleosols under an archaeological landmark of a rare type (a complex of kurgans with “whiskers”) dating from the Early Iron Age (the fourth century AD) have been performed in the steppe zone of the Transural Plateau. The size and shape of third-order soil polygons under stony ridges (“whiskers”) between the kurgans have been described in detail. The results have shown that the paleosol under the kurgans erected at the turn of the Late Sarmatian and Hun times (1600 years ago) is characterized by a higher humus content and deeper location of the carbonate horizon, compared to the recent soil. This indicates that an increase in atmospheric humidity took place in the fourth century AD.     

运用硼同位素进行古气候重建的研究进展

海水中硼的同位素组成受海水pH控制,海洋生物碳酸盐形成过程中海水的硼主要以B(OH)4-形式进入碳酸盐晶格,该过程不产生同位素分馏,因此海洋生物碳酸盐的硼同位素组成能够反映海水中B(OH)4-的硼同位素组成,进而指示当时海水的pH值,再根据海水与大气间CO2溶解平衡关系可以间接获得当时大气CO2分压。最近十多年来成功地运用生物碳酸盐硼同位素研究了过去20 Ma以来不同时间段古海水pH演化历史以及大气CO2分压的变化历史,使得硼同位素成为研究古气候的新方法。由于大气CO2分压对海水pH变化的响应非常灵敏,必须对各参数的取值进行严格的论证,而且模型本身的合理性及精确性也要进一步讨论。本文详细地介绍了硼同位素-pH方法的理论模型以及近年来运用该方法研究古气候取得的主要成果,同时对模型本身的研究进展也进行了阐述。     

湿润亚热带山地表土植硅体指示的垂直植被变化——以福建戴云山为例

表土植硅体组合与其上覆植被类型之间的关系研究是利用植硅体进行古气候和古植被重建的基础.选取位于湿润亚热带地区的戴云山作为研究对象,沿海拔梯度以50?—?100 m为间隔共采集21个表土样品,以探讨该地区表土植硅体组合对山地植被的指示意义.结果表明:戴云山表土植硅体含量丰富,类型多样,主要以禾本科类植硅体占优势;此外,随着海拔的升高,表土植硅体组合中哑铃型和短鞍型百分含量快速增加,而扇型和长鞍型,特别是木本类植硅体的百分含量则逐渐减少,指示了山地植被从温性针叶林向常绿灌丛林的过渡,说明戴云山表土植硅体组合能够反映山地垂直植被带变化的主要特征;植硅体类型主成分分析(PCA)结果显示位于湿润亚热带地区的戴云山表土植硅体组合变化可能主要受温度的控制.本研究为今后在湿润亚热带山地地区开展古气候和古植被重建研究提供了重要的基础资料.