Substrate-induced changes in microbial community-level physiological profiles and their application to discriminate soil microbial communities

The addition of simple substrates could affect the microbial respiration in soils. This substrate-induced respiration is widely used to estimate the soil microbial biomass, but little attention has been paid to its influence on the changes of community-level physiological profiles. In this study, the process of microbial communities responding to the added substrate using sole-carbon-source utilization （BIOLOG） was investigated. BIOLOG is biased toward fast-growing bacteria; this advantage was taken to detect the prompt response of the active microbial communities to the added substrate. Four soil samples from agricultural fields adjacent to heavy metal mines were amended with L-arginine, citric acid, or D-glucose. Substrate amendments could, generally, not only increase the metabolic activity of the microbial communities, but also change the metabolic diverse patterns compared with no-substrate control. By tracking the process, it was found that the variance between substrate-induced treatment and control fluctuated greatly during the incubation course, and the influences of these three substrates were different. In addition, the application of these induced changes to discriminate soil microbial communities was tested. The distance among all samples was greatly increased, which further showed the functional variance among microbial communities in soils. This can be very useful in the discrimination of microbial communities even with high similarity.     

Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)对小白菜生长及生理效应的影响

用盆栽试验研究了不同含量Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)对小白菜生长和生理效应的影响.结果表明,不同含量Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)对小白菜体生长和生理代谢的影响不尽相同.低含量硒（Se(Ⅳ)<10.0 mg·kg-1、Se(Ⅵ)<5.0 mg·kg-1）能够促进小白菜的生长,使其根变粗, 诱导脯氨酸的产生,阻止丙二醛（MDA）的合成,增强白菜的抗逆性,使其生物量明显提高;高含量硒会抑制小白菜的生长,导致植物体内脯氨酸合成下降,MDA含量增加,叶及根系生长受到抑制,地上和地下部干重显著急速下降（p<0.01）.小白菜根长、叶面积等生长指标均随Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)含量的增大而显著下降（p<0.01）;抑制小白菜根系生长的Se(Ⅳ)含量为60 mg·kg-1,明显高于Se(Ⅵ)含量（20.0 mg·kg-1）.相同硒含量下,Se(Ⅳ)处理的小白菜地上部干重为Se(Ⅵ)的1.1~3.0倍,说明本试验条件下Se(Ⅵ)的生物有效性和毒性均大于Se(Ⅳ).Se(Ⅵ)处理小白菜地上部分的硒含量显著高于地下部分,而Se(Ⅳ)处理小白菜地下部分的硒含量显著高于地上部分,小白菜地上和地下部分对Se(Ⅵ)的吸收量均显著高于Se(Ⅳ).综合生长和生理因子分析表明,地上部分生物量是反映Se(Ⅳ)及Se(Ⅵ)处理土壤上小白菜生长状况的理想指标.     

钒胁迫对水稻幼苗生理生化和富集特性的影响

水稻（Oryza.sativa L.）是我国最重要的粮食作物之一,水稻产量占粮食总产量的一半以上,一旦水稻受到重金属污染,将会影响水稻植株的正常生长和生理特性。目前关于钒胁迫对水稻植株生理特性指标的影响方面报道较少。通过水培实验,研究了不同钒（V）质量浓度（0、4、8、12、16、20 mg·L-1）对水稻幼苗（Oryza.sativa L）生理生化和富集特性的影响。结果表明：随着V胁迫浓度的增加,叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）等均呈现先上升、后下降的变化趋势。当ρ（V）≤12 mg·L-1,与对照相比较,叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和酶活性增大了135.3%、104.2%、77.8%（CAT）、84.5%（POD）和273.2%（SOD）;当ρ（V）〉12 mg·L-1,则分别降低37.2%、39.4%、41.1%、24.1%和24.5%。随着 V 胁迫浓度的增加,丙二醛（MDA）含量和细胞膜透性逐渐增大,与对照相比,分别增加了38.5%~289.3%、21.2%~303.2%,根系活力下降了10.9%~82.2%。可见,低ρ（V）（≤12 mg·L-1）对水稻幼苗的生长有一定的刺激作用,水稻幼苗自身保护酶表现出较强的自我调节能力;高ρ（V）（〉12 mg·L-1）明显抑制叶绿素和蛋白合成、抗氧化酶活性和根系活力,伤害了细胞质膜系统,影响水稻幼苗的生长发育。不同V浓度胁迫下,水稻幼苗累积的V含量为：根〉茎叶。随着V胁迫浓度增加,水稻幼苗各器官V含量增大,其中根部增幅远大于茎叶,当ρ（V）从5 mg·L-1增加到40 mg·L-1,与对照相比较,根部增加了0.98~25.3倍,茎叶部增加了0.26~4.74倍。生物富集系数（BF）先增加后降低,最大值为2.8408;迁移系数（TF）下降,最低值为0.1170,说明水稻对V有较强的富集能力,但迁移能力较低,积累的V主要富集在根部,可减轻V对地上部植物的危害。     

岩溶地下河水化学对城镇化进程的时序响应

利用25年地下水观测与遥感解译数据研究地下河对城镇化进程的水化学时序响应,结果表明,随着城镇化的进行,地下河的矿化度逐渐上升;水化学类型时序演变从枯水期单一的HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型和丰水期HCO_3-Ca·Mg型向HCO_3·ClCa型、HCO_3·SO_4-Ca型、HCO_3-Ca和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型等多类型演化,快速城镇化时期水化学类型多变.受地表降水输入影响,地下河枯水期与丰水期[Mg2+]/[Ca2+]和[HCO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)](摩尔比)变化较大,城镇化前地下河水化学受水岩相互作用、农业活动和酸雨入渗共同影响,两者均值分别为0. 86和29. 34; 2001年城镇化后农业活动和酸雨输入贡献减少,丰水期城镇化输入(居民生活和工业排污)明显增加,两者出现突变特征,分别降低至0. 38与6. 01. 1990～1995、1996～2010和2011～2015年不同时期的主要地球化学敏感阳离子分别为Ca~(2+)及Mg~(2+)、Na~+和NH_4~+,阴离子则分别为HCO_3~-、HCO_3~-及SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-.地下河对城镇化进程的水化学响应具有明显的阶段性和时序性.     

土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶赋存对水稻生长的影响

为探究土壤中残留抗生素对植物生长的影响,选取土壤中检出率较高的磺胺类抗生素磺胺二甲嘧啶作为外源污染物,分析水稻苗期和成熟期生长指标、根系和叶片生理生化指标、水稻各器官中抗生素残留量和富集转运因子的变化特性,并评价水稻籽粒中残留磺胺二甲嘧啶的健康风险.结果表明,磺胺二甲嘧啶对水稻株高和生物量的抑制作用存在于整个生长周期中,且苗期的影响大于生长成熟期,根部受到的影响大于苗部.苗期秧苗根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性和叶片叶绿素含量受到随抗生素含量增加而增大的抑制作用,而抗氧化酶活性的变化趋势表现出不同特征,具体为超氧化物歧化酶活性增强、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶先被激活后被抑制.磺胺二甲嘧啶在水稻各器官中的积累量表现为：根>叶>茎>籽粒,且水稻籽粒的抗生素风险评估结果显示EDI/ADI<0.1,不构成健康风险.生长成熟期土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶对水稻富集因子和转运系数的影响大于苗期.综合磺胺二甲嘧啶对水稻的不利影响,在水稻种植中施加畜禽粪便作为有机肥和使用养殖水进行农田灌溉时,需要关注磺胺二甲嘧啶的生态效应,保障水稻等作物的安全生产.     

固定化栅藻对污水的净化及其生理特征的变化

将斜生栅藻包埋固定在褐藻酸钙凝胶胶珠中。对人工配制的污水进行净化,研究其对污水中氨氮和正磷酸盐的净化效率以及净化过程中藻类的生长,叶绿素α含量、光合强度和过氧化物酶活性的变化。并与未固定的斜生栅藻（悬浮藻）进行对照比较,结果表明,由于固定化提高了斜生栅藻的合成代谢生理活性,延迟衰老,对污水中氨氮和正磷酸盐的净化效率明显提高     

速生树种竹柳对复合污染土壤中镉和锌的吸收、积累与生理响应特性

为探讨竹柳在重金属复合污染(镉、锌)土壤中生长的生理变化及重金属在植株内的转移情况,以竹柳(Salix sp.)三号及竹柳五号为试验材料,以重金属复合污染的水稻土为供试土壤,通过盆栽试验研究了重金属对竹柳生理指标、重金属吸收与积累量、富集系数(BCF)和转运系数(TF)的影响.结果表明:竹柳各器官重金属含量和转移情况不同,其中,叶片中Cd、Zn含量最高,分别达61.4和1940 mg·kg~(-1);竹柳三号对Zn的转运能力大于竹柳五号,而竹柳五号的净光合速率更高;生长100 d后,重金属在竹柳叶片中的积累量和转移系数均高于其他部位,竹柳吸收的重金属主要分布在叶片中,可通过集中处理叶片达到去除土壤中重金属污染的目的.     

土壤四环素污染对小白菜幼苗生长发育的生态毒性

采用土培盆栽试验模拟研究了土壤四环素污染对小白菜幼苗生长发育的生态毒性.结果表明,1～100 mg/kg四环素暴露促进了小白菜的茎伸长,但抑制了小白菜的根伸长和鲜重.100 mg/kg四环素处理28 d后,小白菜根长抑制率达到36.0%,鲜重抑制率达到34.6%.随着四环素暴露时间的延长,100 mg/kg四环素处理的...     

Nest site selection and induced response in a dominant arboreal ant species

It is well known that arboreal ants, both territorially dominant species and plant ants (e.g., species associated with myrmecophytes or plants housing them in hollow structures), protect their host trees from defoliators. Nevertheless, the presence of an induced defense, suggested by the fact that the workers discovering a leaf wound recruit nestmates, is only known for plant ants. Based on the results from a field study, we show here (1) that colonies of Azteca chartifex, a territorially dominant, neotropical arboreal ant species, mostly selected Goupia glabra (Goupiaceae) trees in which to build their principal carton nests and (2) that plant signals induced workers to recruit nestmates, which patrol the leaves, likely providing the plant with a biotic defense. Furthermore, the number of recruited workers was clearly higher on G. glabra, their most frequently selected host tree species, than on other tree species. These results show that contrary to what was previously believed, induced responses are also found in territorially dominant arboreal ants and so are not limited to the specific associations between myrmecophytes and plant ants.     

Famine forecasting; Prices and peasant behaviour in Northern Ethiopia

This paper, completed in January 1984, begins by briefly outlining the contrasting views of price behaviour during the last Ethiopian famine (1972–1974) put forward by Seaman and Holt (1980) and Sen (1981). A hypothesis is developed to account for peasant behaviour and price responses under developing famine conditions. This is then tested with data recently made available. The paper concludes by summarizing the findings and their implications for famine forecasting, and argues that famine conditions in Northern Ethiopia are likely to worsen during 1984.