新旧版GB6566《建筑材料放射性核素限量》比较研究

为了方便检测机构、消费者和企业理解掌握新版GB6566-2010标准内容,笔者对与旧标准相比的主要变化、标准具体内容进行了归纳整理,并对实际应用中应注意的问题加以解析。     

天津近岸表层沉积物重金属和放射性核素分布特征

对渤海湾天津海域14个表层沉积物样品进行粒度、重金属和核素放射性活度测量,结果显示,沉积物组成以粉砂为主,其粒径在研究区横纵向上分别呈由南至北、由东至西逐渐变粗的分布特征.重金属元素含量为Cu:25.6~35.1mg/kg、Pb:44.1~67.7mg/kg、Zn:60~73.5mg/kg;210Pb活度为13.2~35.3Bq/kg,137Cs活度为0.05~1.28Bq/kg,重金属含量和放射性活度随粒径减小而增大,总体上呈由北至南逐渐增大的分布特征,在中部和南部分别呈由西北至东南和由西至东逐渐增大的分布特征.这主要是因为细颗粒组分对Cu、Pb、Zn、210Pb和137Cs的吸附作用大于粗颗粒组分,因此,其分布受渤海湾水流及其所导致的粒径变化所影响.     

Radioactivity in the Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is, like the Mediterranean, a marginal sea, which with the Black Sea, were marine environments contaminated from the Chernobyl accident.

Radiocaesium and plutonium isotopes were studied in water, sediment and macroalgae in the Baltic Sea since 1982. the inventory of ¹³⁷Cs in the Baltic increased from 0.65 PBq to 5.85 PBq following the Chernobyl accident. the corresponding increase for ^{239 + 240}Pu was less significant and yielded 1.5 TBq to a total value of 16.5 TBq.

For plutonium, 98% is trapped in the sediment and the net-exchange of this element through the Baltic straits is very small (1 GBq/year), while for radiocaesium, 45% is in the water phase and there is a net-loss of 60 000 GBq annually into the adjacent water (Kattegatt).     

陶瓷材料放射性衰变时间及最佳平衡周期研究

简述了有关放射性样品衰变平衡及平衡时间的基本理论,运用碘化钠γ谱仪对衰变时间介于0～27 d区间内的三组陶瓷样品进行放射性比活度测定,采取t检验法分析了同一样品在0d～7d、7d～12d、15 d、21 d等不同衰变时间条件下,放射性核素226Ra、232Th、40K比活度测试结果之间的差异程度,通过实验验证陶瓷样品衰变时间对其放射性测定结果准确性的影响.研究表明,当每组检测结果数据的显著性差异水平为5％,若兼顾科学性和经济性,则陶瓷样品的最佳放射性衰变时间应为至少21 d.     

估算放射性核素在近海底泥中沉积量的近似方法

放射性核素在近海底泥中的分布规律研究是探讨沿海核设施及核电站低放废液排入附近海域后对环境影响的一个重要方面。由于实际海域条件的复杂性，如何估算放射性核素在底泥中的含量是一个至今没有搞清的课题，应用一种保守简单有效的估算方法，以一个简化实例探讨了该方法的应用。     

A Study on Transfer Factors of 60Co and 65Zn from Soil to Plants in the Tropical Environment of Bangladesh

Soil to plant transfer factor (TF) of⁶⁰Co and ⁶⁵Zn was determined fromradioisotope experiments on plants grown in pots underoutdoor ambient tropical conditions for three growingseasons (1995–1998). The TFs were obtained fordifferent plants/crops such as, rice, bean, peanutspineapple, cabbage, tomato, spinach and grass. Theaverage TF values of ⁶⁰Co are found to be 0.087,0.15, 0.12, 0.67, 0.28, 0.79, 1.03 and 0.34respectively for the above mentioned plants/crops. Incase of ⁶⁵Zn, the average TF values are found tobe 2.24, 1.17, 0.89, 1.09, 0.78, 1.34, 2.92 and 1.78,respectively, for the above mentioned plants/crops. Thedata will be useful to assess the radiation exposureto man associated with the releases of radionuclidesfrom nuclear facilities by means of radiologicalassessment models that require transfer factors asinput parameters to predict the contamination ofradionuclides in foodchain.     

A model of 90Sr distribution in the sea near Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in China

The impact on the environment ofradionuclide release from nuclear power plants has attracted increased attention, especially after the accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan. Based on the mechanisms of adsorption/desorption at solid/liquid interfaces and a surface micromorphology model of sediments, a theoretical expression of the distribution coefficient Kd is derived. This coefficient has significant effects on the distribution of radionuclide in seawater, suspended sediment and seabed sediment. Kd is then used to simulate ^90Sr transport in the sea near the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant. The simulation results are compared with field measurements of tidal level, current velocity, suspended sediment concentration and ^90Sr concentrations in the same period. Overall, the simulated results agree well with the field measured data. Thus, the derived expression for Ka is capable of interpreting realistic adsorption/desorption processes. What＇s more, conclusion is drawn that about 40% ^90Sr released by Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant will be adsorbed by suspended sediment and 20% by seabed sediment, only about 40% ^90St will remain in the sea near Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in South China Sea.     

某铀尾矿库土壤核素污染与优势植物累积特征

采用野外采样和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析法,测定某铀尾矿库内自然生长的14种优势植物及其根系土壤中核素的含量,并针对植物对核素的耐受性和富集性能进行分析. 结果表明:双穗雀稗(Paspalum distichum L.)、圆果雀稗(Paspalum orbiculare Forst.)、水莎草〔Juncellus serotinus (Rottb.) C. B. Clarke〕、水蜈蚣(Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb)和碎米莎草(Cyperus iria L.)的地上部分及金毛狗〔Cibotium barometz (Linn.) J. Sm.〕的地下部分对铀(U)和钍(Th)均有不同程度的累积. 莎草科的碎米莎草的地上部分对U的富集系数高达6.04,其余植物的富集系数均小于1;一部分植物样对U的转移系数小于1.莎草科的水蜈蚣对Th的转移系数为2.56,其他植物的转移系数均小于0.50.莎草科植物对U的吸收富集性能明显优于其他科植物,碎米莎草对U则表现出超耐受性和超富集性.      

贵州乌江渡水库沉积速率及碳氮埋藏通量估算

我国西南地区峡谷型梯级水库沉积物的碳汇效应对全球碳循环有着重要意义。为了探明该区域水库的碳汇强度,本研究选择乌江流域的乌江渡水库作为研究对象,于2015年5月对水库沉积物进行采样,并利用210Pbex核素计年技术,结合沉积物碳氮分析,估算乌江渡水库的碳埋藏量。结果表明:乌江渡水库沉积物平均沉积速率为0.155g/(cm~2·a),TOC沉降通量为70.85g/(m~2·a),堆积通量为29.14g/(m~2·a);TN沉降通量为8.22g/(m~2·a),堆积通量为2.79g/(m~2·a)。乌江渡水库沉积物年均TOC总埋藏通量为1.39×10~9g/a,其中82%来自水库内部光合作用形成的有机质。因此,依据保守的估算,乌江渡水库沉积物的净碳汇通量为23.9g/(m~2·a),保存的净碳汇量为1.1×10~9g/a。研究结果表明水库沉积物是一个重要的碳汇。     

90Sr在干旱地区包气带砂土中的迁移研究

放射性废物处置的基本安全目标是保护人类和环境免受电离辐射的有害影响.开展处置场环境影响评价可以量化它对人体健康和环境潜在影响.90Sr是放射性废物中具有代表性的裂变核素.为了获取90Sr在干旱地区某处置场址包气带砂土中的迁移规律,采用静态实验和动态实验对其在砂土的迁移进行了研究.结果表明,对于该场址,砂土对90Sr的吸附能力较弱;静态实验测量得到的分配系数与动态实验拟合计算得到的相差约一个量级;采用非平衡模式模拟该场址包气带砂土中90Sr的迁移更为恰当.