Investigation of long-term river water quality variations using different urbanization indices and assessment of common scientific perspectives of urbanization on water quality

This study investigated the water quality variation spanning 30 years (1986–2017) in 16 catchments of Hong Kong against different urbanization indices, namely, built area fraction; population; and product of population and built area fraction. Pearson correlations of three different periods of time (1988–1990, 1998–2000, and 2015–2017) indicated that water quality trends were dependent on the urbanization index. Total solids, nitrite-nitrogen, total phosphorus, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and flow rate had significant deteriorative trends (Pearson r > 0.5 and p < 0.05) with population and product of built area and population. Results also interpreted that built area fraction and product of built area and population were the worst and best indices that represented urbanization and/or its impacts, respectively. Mann-Kendall test for the entire 30 year period showed that water quality had improved with time with respect to certain water quality parameters (e.g., dissolved oxygen, ammoniacal nitrogen and total suspended solids). The results portrayed that although the urbanization of catchments had increased with time, the river water quality with respect to many parameters showed signs of improvement and the legislative measures implemented seemed to be effective in controlling pollution.     

Mowers versus growers: Riparian buffer management in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains,USA

Despite long-standing knowledge of the benefits of riparian buffers for mitigating nonpoint source pollution, many streams are unprotected by buffers. Even landowners who understand ecological values of buffers mow riparian vegetation to the streambank. Do trends in rural riparian conditions reflect the development of riparian forest science? What motivates residential riparian management actions? Using high-resolution orthoimagery, we quantified riparian conditions and trends between 1998 and 2015 in the rural upper Little Tennessee River basin in Macon County, North Carolina and explored how landowners view riparian zone management and riparian restoration programs. Buffer composition in 2015 was as follows: no buffer (32.5%), narrow (19.3%), forested (26.7%), shrub (7.2%), and intermediate (7.0%). Relative to 1998, the greatest decrease occurred in the no buffer class (−17.7%, 46 km) and the largest increases occurred in the shrub (+72.5%, 20 km) and narrow (12.6%, 14 km) classes. Forested buffer marginally increased. Semi-structured interview data suggest that landowners prioritize recreational and scenic aspects of riparian buffers over ecological functions such as filtration and bank stabilization. Riparian restoration programs might be made more enticing to non-adopters if outreach language appealed to landowner priorities, design elements demonstrated intentional management, and program managers highlighted areas where ecological goals and landowner values align.     

Assessment and management of urbanization-induced ecological risks

The urban ecological risk incurred during the processes of urbanization has been constantly accumulating, creating a severe challenge for China to achieve sustainable urban development. At present, research on systematic evaluation of urban ecological risks is still inadequate, especially at an urban ecosystem level. In this special issue, we use Xiamen City as an example to identify the sources and receptors of urban ecological risks, to develop a methodology system of urban ecological risk assessment, and to propose a method for the management of urban ecological risks. This special issue contains 11 research articles resulting from a comprehensive research project funded by China’s National Natural Science Foundation. The innovations reported in this special issue include a framework of urban ecological risk assessment and a standardized procedure for carrying out urban ecological risk assessment using multiple stressors and endpoints.     

饮用水源微生物快速检测技术的发展及应用

微生物是威胁饮用水安全的首要问题，水环境微生物快速检测技术的开发和应用是推动饮用水源微生物快速检测和水质安全预警技术发展的保障。随着对水质微生物污染快速检测和准确预警新要求的提出，水环境中微生物在线检测和预警技术得到了越来越多的开发和应用。笔者总结了水环境常见微生物检测方法和技术的发展，重点讨论了饮用水源微生物快速检测技术的发展和应用，根据各项技术的应用和推广使用程度，将其归纳为常用快速检测技术、潜在适用快速检测技术和新型快速检测技术等类别，并详细阐述了一些应用较广的技术，以期为构建水质微生物污染早期预警系统提供参考。     

Complex and nonlinear climate-driven changes in freshwater insect communities over 42 years

The ongoing biodiversity crisis becomes evident in the widely observed decline in abundance and diversity of species, profound changes in community structure, and shifts in species’ phenology. Insects are among the most affected groups, with documented decreases in abundance up to 76% in the last 25–30 years in some terrestrial ecosystems. Identifying the underlying drivers is a major obstacle as most ecosystems are affected by multiple stressors simultaneously and in situ measurements of environmental variables are often missing. In our study, we investigated a headwater stream belonging to the most common stream type in Germany located in a nature reserve with no major anthropogenic impacts except climate change. We used the most comprehensive quantitative long-term data set on aquatic insects available, which includes weekly measurements of species-level insect abundance, daily water temperature and stream discharge as well as measurements of additional physicochemical variables for a 42-year period (1969–2010). Overall, water temperature increased by 1.88 °C and discharge patterns changed significantly. These changes were accompanied by an 81.6% decline in insect abundance, but an increase in richness (+8.5%), Shannon diversity (+22.7%), evenness (+22.4%), and interannual turnover (+34%). Moreover, the community's trophic structure and phenology changed: the duration of emergence increased by 15.2 days, whereas the peak of emergence moved 13.4 days earlier. Additionally, we observed short-term fluctuations (<5 years) in almost all metrics as well as complex and nonlinear responses of the community toward climate change that would have been missed by simply using snapshot data or shorter time series. Our results indicate that climate change has already altered biotic communities severely even in protected areas, where no other interacting stressors (pollution, habitat fragmentation, etc.) are present. This is a striking example of the scientific value of comprehensive long-term data in capturing the complex responses of communities toward climate change.     

多维度高质量城镇化对能源消费碳排放的传导机制研究

碳排放研究一直是国际气候变化领域研究的热点，高质量的城镇化有利于碳排放减少及全球气候变化减缓。本文从人口、土地、经济三个维度构建高质量城镇化评价指标体系，对2005—2019年中国30个省域的高质量城镇化水平进行评价，在理论机制分析的基础上利用中介效应模型验证了三个维度高质量城镇化对能源消费碳排放的中介效应。结果表明：不同维度的高质量城镇化水平对碳排放的影响不同，当前的人口高质量城镇化具有显著碳减排效果，经济高质量城镇化也具有一定碳减排作用，但现阶段土地高质量城镇化增加了碳排放；不同维度的高质量城镇化与能源消费碳排放之间存在不同的作用机制。具体而言，劳动力结构转型在人口高质量城镇化与碳排放间不存在中介效应，土地财政在土地高质量城镇化与碳排放间存在完全中介效应，经济集聚在经济高质量城镇化与碳排放间存在遮掩效应。     

珠江三角洲快速城市化对环境气象要素的影响

根据珠江三角洲珠海、中山、东莞、广州、深圳5个城市气象站1973~2008年常规气象资料,利用滑动平均和Mann-Kendall非参数统计检验法研究了珠江三角洲快速城市化不同经济发展时期(经济发展初期、经济快速发展期、经济发展稳定期)对城市温度、风速、风向的影响.结果表明,不同城市环境气象要素变化的差异与城市发展程度相关.城市平均温度变化率与城市化推进速度成正比,风速变化率与城市化进程成反比,主导风向出现频率随城市化下降.这些结果可归纳总结为定性的概念曲线.     

软骨藻酸胶体金免疫层析检测试纸条的研制

制备软骨藻酸（DA）胶体金免疫层析快速检测试纸条,建立一种快速检测贝类食品中软骨藻酸含量的检测方法.采用柠檬酸三钠还原氯金酸法制备颗粒直径20 nm的胶体金;电镜鉴定后,确定胶体金标记软骨藻酸单克隆抗体的最佳条件并制备金标抗体;金标抗体喷涂在玻璃纤维垫上制成胶体金结合垫;软骨藻酸与牛血清蛋白（BSA）的偶联物构成的包被...     

UASB+SBR工艺处理皂素生产废水的快速启动研究

皂素生产废水为难处理高浓度酸性含硫有机废水.其中高含量的硫酸盐在厌氧条件下产生大量的H2S,造成了对厌氧微生物的抑制作用,严重影响厌氧生物处理的效果,甚至使厌氧消化完全失败,使该类废水的处理较为困难.为了有效解除硫酸盐对生物处理设施中微生物的抑制,找出皂素生产废水的快速启动运行的方法,本文选用了UASB SBR组合工艺进行了2个月左右的动态连续流实验,对硫酸盐抑制的解除方法进行了研究,提出了相应的解除硫酸抑制厌氧消化的方法,找到了UASB快速启动的有效方法.小试连续运行实验结果表明,在UASB中加入适量铁屑和活性炭颗粒,以生活污水处理厂剩余污泥为种泥可以成功实现UASB SBR处理系统的快速启动,消除DO2-4对生物处理系统的影响,并在较短的时间内(21 d左右)培养出了厌氧颗粒污泥.UASB启动后,在进水COD质量浓度34 000mg/L左右时,COD的去除率一直保持在95%以上,出水COD质量浓度维持在1 300 mg/L左右.厌氧出水经过SBR处理后,出水水质达到了<综合污水排放标准>中的二级排放标准要求.该快速启动方法可供类似酸性高浓度有机废水处理和调试参考.     

上海中心城区土地利用变化对区域降雨径流的影响研究

土地利用变化导致的城市下垫面改变对降雨径流关系有着重要影响。选择高度城市化的上海中心城区,利用初损和径流量修正方法并经实测数据验证后的SCS-CN修正模型,在城市集水区尺度上,初步探讨模拟了1947—2006年中心城区在0.5～10 a一遇设计暴雨重现期条件下持续1 h的降雨事件和丰、平、枯降雨年份下的径流系数,并分析了土地利用方式、前期土壤湿润程度(AMC)和降雨因素对中心城区60 a降雨径流关系的影响。结果表明:①60 a间,AMCⅠ和0.5～10 a一遇设计暴雨重现期条件下的径流系数相对增长17.21%～6.14%,枯、平和丰水年的年径流系数相对增长分别为20.49%、11.83%和10.02%;②土地利用类型、土壤入渗能力和AMC类型,与降雨强度共同构成影响降雨径流关系的两方面重要因素。随着降雨强度的增大,在AMCⅠ→Ⅲ过程中,土地利用改变对降雨径流关系的影响趋小,降雨类型起决定作用;而降雨强度越小,土壤AMC越干燥,土地利用改变对降雨径流关系影响越强;③不同降雨强度和降水年条件下的径流系数均随CN值的增大而增加,其径流系数与CN值之间分别可用线性(R20.999)和指数(R20.987)关系表示。