有机肥处理对旱地红壤细菌群落及玉米生产力的影响

为探明旱地红壤细菌群落特征及玉米生产力对不同有机肥处理的响应，基于自2002年设置在中国科学院鹰潭红壤生态实验站的有机培肥长期定位试验，采用Illumina高通量测序，研究不同有机肥（不施肥，M0；低量有机肥，M1；高量有机肥，M2；高量有机肥加石灰，M3）处理下土壤细菌群落多样性和结构以及玉米生产力的变化.结果发现，与M0相比，土壤pH、有机质（SOM）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）含量和玉米生产力在不同有机肥（M1、M2和M3）处理下均显著增加，其中M3处理的提升效果最佳.施用有机肥显著提高了土壤细菌群落的Shannon、Evenness、Chao1与ACE指数，重塑了细菌群落结构.基于随机森林模型分析，土壤性质中的pH和TP显著影响土壤细菌多样性，而pH、SOM、TP和TN对土壤细菌群落结构影响显著.相关性分析和结构方程模型分析表明，土壤TP和SOM可以通过改变土壤细菌多样性和群落组成间接影响玉米生产力.研究结果从指导我国南方红壤区农田合理施肥的角度，为农田土壤质量提高及耕地产能提升提供科学依据.     

对生态红线的研究——宁夏生态红线划定的问题和思考

为了贯彻国家的可持续发展战略,更有效地解决中国的环境危机以及更好地进行中国的生态文明建设,就必须建立底线思维.中央第十八届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》明确规定了要划定生态保护红线.通过对生态保护红线的相关文献和政策进行分析,提出生态红线的类型和划定的思考,结合生态红线落地问题,对宁夏生态红线划定中存在的问题进行思考,以期为全国生态红线划定和生态保护提供参考.     

赤潮灾害经济损失评估技术方法

为有效应对赤潮灾害防灾减灾、灾后救援及管理的需求,在综合分析前人提出的赤潮灾害损失评估技术方法的基础上,参考赤潮灾害对受灾体的危害特点,结合实际工作的需求及在实际中可获取的业务数据,提出了赤潮灾害经济损失评估指标体系;根据灾害经济学理论,借鉴其他自然灾害经济损失评估的先进思想,采用市场价格法,分别建立了包括海水养殖业经济损失、滨海旅游业经济损失、赤潮灾害业务与应急监测费用和赤潮灾害处置费用的赤潮灾害经济损失评估模型;最后,提出了赤潮灾害损失评估的技术流程。     

亚热带红壤丘陵区浅层地下水氮淋失特征研究

土壤养分累积引起的氮素(N)淋失是导致农区地下水污染的重要原因,也是农业面源污染的重要形式.本文以湖南省长沙县典型亚热带红壤丘陵流域为研究对象,通过连续定位观测,研究了林地、稻田、菜地和茶园4种代表性土地利用类型浅层(130~150 cm)地下水中N浓度的逐月动态变化特征.连续3年(2010—2013年)的观测结果表明:4种土地利用类型下浅层地下水总氮(TN)平均浓度差异显著(p0.05),其中,林地最低(0.85 mg·L-1),茶园最高(7.64 mg·L-1);从N的形态构成来看,林地、菜地和茶园浅层地下水中N形态以硝态氮(NO-3-N)为主,分别占TN的46.7%、70.2%和72.8%,而稻田浅层地下水N形态则以铵态氮(NH+4-N)为主,占TN 43.5%,表明土壤淹水条件是影响地下水N淋失形态的关键因子.地下水各形态N浓度的动态变化在不同土地利用下也迥然不同:林地地下水各形态N的含量低、变幅小,而稻田、菜地和茶园地下水N浓度变幅较大;采用单因子方法对不同土地利用下地下水的水质进行评价,结果表明:研究区浅层地下水中TN和NO-3-N无显著污染,NH+4-N污染较为严重,而综合指数法(F值法)进一步表明研究区浅层地下水污染主要出现在稻田和茶园,因此,控制稻田和茶园N肥的施用量是预防亚热带红壤丘陵区地下水N污染的关键.     

兼氧混合菌对亚甲基蓝废水生物降解实验研究

采用厦门某生物科技有限公司提供的兼氧混合菌为研究对象,利用相关设备进行中试实验,验证了该项技术的可行性。同时探究了重金属对该混合菌种生物降解能力的影响,通过中试实验研究后发现5mg/L的重铬酸钾和硫酸铜均对该混合菌种的生物降解能力有一定的影响,并且硫酸铜的影响大于重铬酸钾。此外该技术对甲基橙、刚果红废水也有一定的生物降解能力,这为兼氧混合菌用于印染废水处理提供了实验依据。     

赤泥制备含钛聚硅酸铝铁及亚甲基蓝溶液的混凝脱色

以拜耳法赤泥为原料、Na Cl为助溶剂,采用酸浸法溶出赤泥中的铁、铝元素,再与硅酸钠、硫酸氧钛反应制备出高效混凝剂含钛聚硅酸铝铁(T-PSAF),并将其用于模拟亚甲基蓝印染废水的脱色。实验结果表明:在硫酸浓度为8 mol/L、液固比(硫酸体积与干赤泥质量之比)为14 m L/g、酸浸温度为80℃、酸浸时间为80 min、Na Cl加入量为0.10 g/g(以干赤泥计)的优化酸浸条件下,铁、铝的浸出率分别为88.25%和73.21%;在n(Fe+Al)∶n(Ti)∶n(Si)=0.3∶0.3∶1、熟化p H为4~5、熟化时间为2 h、混凝剂加入量为25 m L/L的优化混凝条件下,初始亚甲基蓝质量浓度为10 mg/L的废水的脱色率可达87.1%,而当初始亚甲基蓝质量浓度增至150~200 mg/L时废水脱色率可达99%以上。     

Association of extinction risk of saproxylic beetles with ecological degradation of forests in Europe

To reduce future loss of biodiversity and to allocate conservation funds effectively, the major drivers behind large‐scale extinction processes must be identified. A promising approach is to link the red‐list status of species and specific traits that connect species of functionally important taxa or guilds to resources they rely on. Such traits can be used to detect the influence of anthropogenic ecosystem changes and conservation efforts on species, which allows for practical recommendations for conservation. We modeled the German Red List categories as an ordinal index of extinction risk of 1025 saproxylic beetles with a proportional‐odds linear mixed‐effects model for ordered categorical responses. In this model, we estimated fixed effects for intrinsic traits characterizing species biology, required resources, and distribution with phylogenetically correlated random intercepts. The model also allowed predictions of extinction risk for species with no red‐list category. Our model revealed a higher extinction risk for lowland and large species as well as for species that rely on wood of large diameter, broad‐leaved trees, or open canopy. These results mirror well the ecological degradation of European forests over the last centuries caused by modern forestry, that is the conversion of natural broad‐leaved forests to dense conifer‐dominated forests and the loss of old growth and dead wood. Therefore, conservation activities aimed at saproxylic beetles in all types of forests in Central and Western Europe should focus on lowlands, and habitat management of forest stands should aim at increasing the amount of dead wood of large diameter, dead wood of broad‐leaved trees, and dead wood in sunny areas.     

Effect of biogeographic history on population vulnerability in European amphibians

The genetic diversity of populations, which contributes greatly to their adaptive potential, is negatively affected by anthropogenic habitat fragmentation and destruction. However, continental‐scale losses of genetic diversity also resulted from the population expansions that followed the end of the last glaciation, an element that is rarely considered in a conservation context. We addressed this issue in a meta‐analysis in which we compared the spatial patterns of vulnerability of 18 widespread European amphibians in light of phylogeographic histories (glacial refugia and postglacial routes) and anthropogenic disturbances. Conservation statuses significantly worsened with distances from refugia, particularly in the context of industrial agriculture; human population density also had a negative effect. These findings suggest that features associated with the loss of genetic diversity in post‐glacial amphibian populations (such as enhanced fixation load or depressed adaptive potential) may increase their susceptibility to current threats (e.g., habitat fragmentation and pesticide use). We propose that the phylogeographic status of populations (i.e., refugial vs. post‐glacial) should be considered in conservation assessments for regional and national red lists.     

Quantifying progress toward a conservation assessment for all plants

The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) set an ambitious target to achieve a conservation assessment for all known plant species by 2020. We consolidated digitally available plant conservation assessments and reconciled their scientific names and assessment status to predefined standards to provide a quantitative measure of progress toward this target. The 241,919 plant conservation assessments generated represent 111,824 accepted land plant species (vascular plants and bryophytes, not algae). At least 73,081 and up to 90,321 species have been assessed at the global scale, representing 21–26% of known plant species. Of these plant species, at least 27,148 and up to 32,542 are threatened. Eighty plant families, including some of the largest, such as Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, and Rubiaceae, are underassessed and should be the focus of assessment effort if the GSPC target is to be met by 2020. Our data set is accessible online (ThreatSearch) and is a baseline that can be used to directly support other GSPC targets and plant conservation action. Although around one‐quarter of a million plant assessments have been compiled, the majority of plants are still unassessed. The challenge now is to build on this progress and redouble efforts to document conservation status of unassessed plants to better inform conservation decisions and conserve the most threatened species.     

粉煤灰基层状金属氧化物对水中活性红X-3B的吸附

以粉煤灰(FA)为原料,采用共沉淀法制备了层状双金属氢氧化物(LDH)和层状金属氧化物(LMO,也称LDO),并采用XRD和BET技术进行了表征。比较了FA、LDH、LMO对活性红X-3B染料(X-3B)的吸附效果;考察了LMO吸附X-3B的影响因素,并探讨了吸附机理。XRD表征结果表明,LMO在吸附X-3B后重新恢复LDH层状结构。BET表征结果表明,LMO的比表面积大于LDH。吸附实验结果表明,3种吸附剂对X-3B吸附效果的优劣顺序为:LMOLDHFA;在初始X-3B质量浓度为50 mg/L、LMO投加量为2.0 g/L、吸附温度为25℃、吸附pH为7、吸附时间为30 min的条件下,X-3B去除率可达98.1%;LMO对X-3B的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,饱和吸附量为129.53 mg/g,且吸附过程可用准二级动力学方程描述。