Impact of floodplain and Stage 0 stream restoration on flood attenuation and floodplain exchange during small frequent storms

River flooding impacts human life and infrastructure, yet provides habitat and ecosystem services. Traditional flood control (e.g., levees, dams) reduces habitat and ecosystem services, and exacerbates flooding elsewhere. Floodplain restoration (i.e., bankfull floodplain reconnection and Stage 0) can also provide flood management, but has not been sufficiently evaluated for small frequent storms. We used 1D unsteady Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System to simulate small storms in a 5 km-long, second-order generic stream from the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and varied % channel restored (starting at the upstream end), restoration location, restoration bank height (distinguishes bankfull from Stage 0 restoration), and floodplain width/Manning's n. Stream restoration decreased (attenuated) peak flow up to 37% and increased floodplain exchange by up to 46%. Floodplain width and % channel restored had the largest impact on flood attenuation. The incremental effects of new restoration projects on flood attenuation were greatest when little prior restoration had occurred. By contrast, incremental effects on floodplain exchange were greatest in the presence of substantial prior restoration, setting up a tradeoff. A similar tradeoff was revealed between attenuation and exchange for project location, but not bank height or floodplain width. In particular, attenuation and exchange were always greater for Stage 0 than for bankfull floodplain restoration. Stage 0 thus may counteract human impacts such as urbanization.     

Diverging response patterns of terrestrial and aquatic species to hydromorphological restoration

Although experiences with ecological restoration continue to accumulate, the effectiveness of restoration for biota remains debated. We complemented a traditional taxonomic analysis approach with information on 56 species traits to uncover the responses of 3 aquatic (fish, macroinvertebrates, macrophytes) and 2 terrestrial (carabid beetles, floodplain vegetation) biotic groups to 43 hydromorphological river restoration projects in Germany. All taxonomic groups responded positively to restoration, as shown by increased taxonomic richness (10–164%) and trait diversity (habitat, dispersal and mobility, size, form, life history, and feeding groups) (15–120%). Responses, however, were stronger for terrestrial than aquatic biota, and, contrary to our expectation, taxonomic responses were stronger than those of traits. Nevertheless, trait analysis provided mechanistic insights into the drivers of community change following restoration. Trait analysis for terrestrial biota indicated restoration success was likely enhanced by lateral connectivity and reestablishment of dynamic processes in the floodplain. The weaker response of aquatic biota suggests recovery was hindered by the persistence of stressors in the aquatic environment, such as degraded water quality, dispersal constraints, and insufficient hydromorphological change. Therefore, river restoration requires combined local- and regional-scale approaches to maximize the response of both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Due to the contrasting responses of aquatic and terrestrial biota, the planning and assessment of river restoration outcomes should consider effects on both components of riverine landscapes.     

三峡库区消落带农用坡地磷素径流流失特征

消落带是三峡库区重要的生态交错带，但自发农用和无序开发可能会造成更多的氮磷流失，进而加剧三峡库区水体富营养化。通过对库区连续3 a的定位监测（2011~2013年），研究了三峡库区消落带农用坡地的磷素流失特征。结果表明：次降雨事件中常规施肥处理的地表径流、壤中流总磷平均浓度分别为0.848±0.153、0.140±0.006 mg/L，其中地表径流中磷的形态以颗粒态为主，壤中流以溶解态的生物可利用磷为主。常规施肥下，地表径流、壤中流磷素年均流失通量分别为0.236±0.004、0.100±0.003 kg·hm 2，地表径流、壤中流磷素流失通量分别占总流失通量的70.2%、29.8%，地表径流是坡地磷素流失的主要途径，但壤中流也是不可忽视的重要途径。与常规施肥处理相比，减量施肥处理地表径流、壤中流磷素流失量分别降低了45.3%、40.0%。建议采取减量施肥的方式，以降低营养盐负荷，保护水环境。     

晋牛矿1303综放面采空区注氮方案研究及数值模拟

为了合理设计采空区注氮防灭火方案，以晋牛煤矿1303综放工作面为研究对象，通过在采空区进、回风侧布置束管监测系统，连续测定采空区气体浓度变化，划分采空区自燃“三带”分布区域,并基于采空区自燃“三带”划分标准和数值模拟的方法，利用流体力学COMSOL计算软件，研究不同注氮量、注氮位置下采空区氧化自燃带的分布规律。研究结果表明:注氮量和注氮位置参数的变化，对氧化自燃带上界限的影响并不显著，而对氧化自燃带的下界限影响比较显著；最合适的注氮位置应该在距离切顶线30 m左右，运用Origin软件得出注氮量与氧化自燃带宽度呈指数关系，由拟合式计算出最优注氮量为386 m3/h，此时氧化自燃带的宽度为31.5 m。     

Unintentional non-traffic injury and fatal events: Threats to children in and around vehicles

Objective: There have been substantial reductions in motor vehicle crash–related child fatalities due to advances in legislation, public safety campaigns, and engineering. Less is known about non-traffic injuries and fatalities to children in and around motor vehicles. The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of various non-traffic incidents, injuries, and fatalities to children using a unique surveillance system and database.

Methods: Instances of non-traffic injuries and fatalities in the United States to children 0–14 years were tracked from January 1990 to December 2014 using a compilation of sources including media reports, individual accounts from families of affected children, medical examiner reports, police reports, child death review teams, coroner reports, medical professionals, legal professionals, and other various modes of publication.

Results: Over the 25-year period, there were at least 11,759 events resulting in 3,396 deaths. The median age of the affected child was 3.7 years. The incident types included 3,115 children unattended in hot vehicles resulting in 729 deaths, 2,251 backovers resulting in 1,232 deaths, 1,439 frontovers resulting in 692 deaths, 777 vehicles knocked into motion resulting in 227 deaths, 415 underage drivers resulting in 203 deaths, 172 power window incidents resulting in 61 deaths, 134 falls resulting in 54 deaths, 79 fires resulting in 41 deaths, and 3,377 other incidents resulting in 157 deaths.

Conclusions: Non-traffic injuries and fatalities present an important threat to the safety and lives of very young children. Future efforts should consider complementary surveillance mechanisms to systematically and comprehensively capture all non-traffic incidents. Continued education, engineering modifications, advocacy, and legislation can help continue to prevent these incidents and must be incorporated in overall child vehicle safety initiatives.     

“两带”渗透率分布模型应用及渗透率规律研究*

为了研究覆岩破坏后形成“两带”的渗透率分布规律,根据理论推导应力-应变曲线以及采空区材料力学参数公式,建立“两带”渗透率分布模型,采用COMSOL软件分别对垮落带的渗透率分布和断裂带渗透率分布进行数值模拟。研究结果表明:垮落带渗透率呈“椭圆”分布,渗透率最大可达到1.07×10-6 m2,最小可达到1.5×10-8 m2;随着高度的增加,采空区两侧的渗透率变化幅度增加,中部的渗透率变化值较小。断裂带渗透率呈“铲状”分布,靠近工作面区域渗透率最大,断裂带的渗透率在上下隅角处最大可达到1.8×10-10 m2,垂直方向上随着高度的增加渗透率减小。研究结果可为西部典型浅埋煤层安全高效开采提供现场指导作用。     

非饱和带柴油入渗实验研究及HSSM模拟

通过土柱模拟实验研究了柴油在不同含水率、不同粒径砂土中的入渗及残留特征,并采用HSSM(Hydrocarbon Spill Screening Model)模拟了柴油在含水率为6%中砂介质中的入渗过程.结果表明:随着介质含水率增加,柴油在介质中湿润锋推进速度先增大后减小,最快速度对应含水率处于相应介质最大残余含水率40%~50%范围内,残余柴油量随介质含水率增大而减小.在细砂、中砂和粗砂3种介质,柴油入渗平均湿润锋推进速度分别为0.42,0.52,0.73cm/min;平均残余柴油量分别为98.10,68.70,48.79mL. 湿润锋推进速度及残余柴油量均与介质粒径呈负相关.HSSM拟合柴油在含水率为6%中砂介质中的湿润锋推进速度为0.5832cm/min,与实验值0.5689cm/min相比,相对误差为2.51%.HSSM能较好的模拟柴油在非饱和带入渗过程,对于土壤及地下水污染预报具有重要意义.     

中亚热带马尾松林凋落物分解过程中的微生物与酶活性动态

采用凋落物原位分解法,研究了中亚热带马尾松林中马尾松、槲栎凋落叶单独及混合(自然质量比8∶2)分解过程中的微生物数量与酶活性动态.结果表明:①3类凋落物的年分解常数K的大小为:混合凋落物(0.94)>槲栎凋落物(0.86)>马尾松凋落物(0.67);②3类凋落物真菌数量和微生物数量均在夏季(135 d时)达到最大值,而此时细菌和放线菌数量最低;③3类凋落物纤维素酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性均与凋落物干重剩余率呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而马尾松与混合型凋落物中的多酚氧化酶活性同凋落物干重剩余率呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);④微生物数量和多酚氧化酶活性均总体表现为槲栎凋落物>混合凋落物>马尾松凋落物,酸性磷酸酶活性多表现为槲栎凋落物最低,与分解常数K排列有一定的差异,说明凋落物分解是微生物和多种酶共同作用的结果.整体研究表明,凋落物质量和季节气候的差异显著影响微生物群落及其调控的生态过程,与纯马尾松凋落叶相比,针阔混合使微生物数量和多酚氧化酶活性显著提高,这可能是导致分解加快的重要原因.     

江苏海岸带滩涂围垦区土地利用类型变化研究——以江苏省如东县为例

滩涂围垦与开发是海岸带地区特有的土地利用模式,揭示新中国成立以来滩涂已开发围垦区土地利用类型结构能够为该地区未来土地利用与规划提供一个标尺。论文以江苏省如东县为例,从土地利用类型结构与土地利用类型综合指数两部分探讨新中国成立以来不同围垦年限滩涂围垦区土地利用类型结构变化特征,揭示土地利用变化过程,对该地区土地可持续利用具有重要意义。结果表明：新中国成立以来,如东县不同年限围垦区土地利用类型变化存在阶段性特征。从围垦时间序列来看,农用地占比在30 a 围垦区最高,其变化呈现“S”型特征;建设用地呈现间歇性增长,周期为20 a,其中村庄用地在围垦10 a 逐步出现;未利用地一直下降,在40 a 围垦区保持稳定,主要类型为河流用地。滩涂围垦区土地利用强度在30 a 围垦区达到最高,呈现“S”型变化特征。土地利用多样性指数在30 a 围垦区达到最高值,呈现倒“U”型特征。滩涂围垦区土地利用类型演变存在三个阶段。江苏省沿海滩涂淤长为滩涂围垦奠定了自然基础条件,围垦初期,受到盐分的限制,只有耐盐植物和改良作物能够在滩涂土壤上生存,随着土壤不断脱盐,滩涂围垦区土地利用类型逐步多样化,在未来滩涂资源开发利用过程中,需要重点开展滨海盐土的开发复垦工作,严格审批新增建设用地,积极保护自然生态环境,实现沿海滩涂地区可持续发展。     

基于面向对象的海岸带土地利用信息提取研究

针对海岸带复杂多样的土地利用信息,选取山东省乳山市海岸带为研究区域,运用 Landsat TM遥感影像数据,基于面向对象分类方法,利用不同地物的光谱、形状、纹理和空间关系等特征,通过多尺度分割、隶属度函数法和标准最邻近分类法提取研究区土地利用信息,并对分类结果进行精度评估。结果表明：①隶属度函数法和标准最邻近分类法结合,提取出乳山市海岸带12 种土地利用类型信息,很好地区分了盐田和养殖水面、林地和园地,可提取出主要的道路和河流等细长线状地物;②将提取结果与最大似然法对比,面向对象分类方法提取精度达到82.50%,Kappa系数为0.809 1,分别比最大似然法提高了11.44%和0.105 5,很好地避免“同物异谱”和“异物同谱”对分类精度造成的影响,有效地避免了“椒盐”现象。面向对象分类方法提取中分辨率遥感影像精度较高,为海岸带土地利用信息的快速、准确提取提供了有效的技术手段。