土压平衡矩形顶管施工引起的地表沉降规律研究

为了分析与掌握矩形顶管施工引起的地表沉降变形规律，提出基于MIDAS-GTS有限元软件的分析方法，首先，通过工程实例验证MIDAS-GTS有限元软件在分析顶管施工引起地表沉降变形的有效性；其次，通过影响因素的敏感性分析确定不同影响因素作用下的地表沉降变形特性，这些影响因素主要包括开挖面支护压力、侧摩阻力、地层结构特性等；最后，通过地表沉降变形特性分析得出矩形顶管的适用范围。研究结果表明:基于MIDAS-GTS有限元软件的地表沉降规律分析方法和结果，可为矩形顶管施工过程提供相关参考和借鉴。     

分层开采工艺对地表沉降的影响研究

分层开采是厚煤开采的经典工艺,这种工艺对地表沉降的影响比较复杂。通过测试原岩物理力学参数,利用有限元软件flac3D对分层和一次采全高时地表沉降进行了数值模拟。结果表明,如果采高较小,砌体梁距煤层较近,且采完上分层后长时间停采,给顶板再生留足时间,分层开采较一次采全高对地表沉降影响要小。     

Understanding the distribution of bushmeat hunting effort across landscapes by testing hypotheses about human foraging

Mitigating the massive impacts of defaunation on natural ecosystems requires understanding and predicting hunting effort across the landscape. But such understanding has been hindered by the difficulty of assessing the movement patterns of hunters in thick forests and across complex terrain. We statistically tested hypotheses about the spatial distribution of hunting with circuit theory and structural equation models. We used a data set of >7000 known kill locations in Guyana and hunter movement models to test these methods. Comparing models with different resistance layers (i.e., different estimates of how terrain and land cover influence human movement speed) showed that rivers, on average, limited movement rather than serving as transport arteries. Moreover, far more kills occurred close to villages than in remote areas. This, combined with the lack of support for structural equation models that included latent terms for prey depletion driven by past overhunting, suggests that kill locations in this system tended to be driven by where hunters were currently foraging rather than by influences of historical harvest. These analyses are generalizable to a variety of ecosystems, species, and data types, providing a powerful way of enhancing maps and predictions of hunting effort across complex landscapes.     

Evaluation of soil washing process with carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan for recovery of PAHs/heavy metals/fluorine from metallurgic plant site

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)/heavy metals/fluorine(F) mixed-contaminated sites caused by abandoned metallurgic plants are receiving wide attention. To address the associated environmental problems,this study was initiated to investigate the feasibility of using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin(CMCD) and carboxymethyl chitosan(CMC) solution to enhance ex situ soil washing for extracting mixed contaminants. Further,Tenax extraction method was combined with a first-three-compartment model to evaluate the environmental risk of residual PAHs in washed soil. In addition,the redistribution of heavy metals/F after decontamination was also estimated using a sequential extraction procedure. Three successive washing cycles using50 g/L CMCD and 5 g/L CMC solution were effective to remove 94.3% of total PAHs,93.2% of Pb,85.8% of Cd,93.4% of Cr,83.2% of Ni and 97.3% of F simultaneously. After the 3rd washing,the residual PAHs mainly existed as very slowly desorbing fractions,which were in the form of well-aged,well-sequestered compounds; while the remaining Pb,Cd,Cr,Ni and F mainly existed as Fe–Mn oxide and residual fractions,which were always present in stable mineral forms or bound to non-labile soil fractions. Therefore,this combined cleanup strategy proved to be effective and environmentally friendly.     

基于污染场地土壤中重金属人体可给性的健康风险评价

模拟测试土壤中重金属在人体胃肠系统中的溶解量(即人体可给量),并以此作为暴露剂量进行健康风险评估,能在一定程度上克服基于总量评估导致结果过于保守的问题.该文综述了国内外目前已有的可给性测试方法,着重介绍了PBET(physiologically based extraction test)、SBET(simplified bioaccessibility extraction test)、RIVM(rijksinstituut voor volksgezondheid en milieu)及UBM(the unified bioaccessibility method)这4种常用方法的原理及主要参数取值;对目前测试方法在参数(pH、提取时间、提取液组分)取值、模拟过程与环境(消化过程、模拟环境、食物、微生物)存在的问题进行了分析;进一步介绍了基于重金属人体可给性的健康风险评估方法.建议应在以下4个方面进一步开展研究:①基于我国人体胃肠生理特征建立土壤中重金属可给性的标准测试方法;②研究影响重金属可给性的关键因素并建立经验预测模型;③结合in vivo测试,验证方法的准确性,耦合结肠癌细胞跨膜转运测试模型,研究测试重金属的人体有效性的标准方法;④建立基于重金属可给性的层次化风险评估方法,完善现有风险评估技术导则.     

北川震后重构聚落的地质灾害灾情分析

北川羌族自治县是2008年"5·12"地震的极重灾区,地震给其境内的各类城乡建筑造成了严重的损失,经过3a多的灾后重建,该县聚落空间得到快速的重构。2013年的7·9洪灾之后,北川境内的地质灾害事件全面爆发,给重构聚落空间的安全造成了严重的威胁。以2013年7·9洪灾之后的灾情普查数据和北川的土地利用图为基础数据,利用GIS技术,使用最邻近法及主成份分析法分析评价了北川境内聚落空间的地质灾害灾情特征,并根据各个聚落斑块的灾情指数值的大小将其划分为灾情轻微、较重、严重和极严重的4个等级。评价的结果表明:北川县境内共有1 016个聚落斑块受到地质灾害点的威胁,占聚落斑块总数的5.702%;其中,灾情极重的聚落有45个、灾情严重的聚落有64个、灾情较重的聚落有775个、灾情较轻的聚落有132个。该评价结果可以为地方政府根据各受灾聚落灾情的轻重缓急而制定出科学的防灾减灾决策提供基本依据。     

鄱阳湖悬浮颗粒物絮凝沉降典型藻类的动力学研究

为了探讨鄱阳湖水动力条件改变引起的悬浮颗粒物浓度变化可能导致的鄱阳湖浮游植物群落结构的变化,本文研究了鄱阳湖悬浮颗粒物絮凝沉降3种典型藻类的动力学过程.以铜绿微囊藻(蓝藻)、四尾栅藻(绿藻)和菱形藻(硅藻)为研究对象、鄱阳湖采集沉积物为悬浮颗粒物,使用混凝试验搅拌仪模拟动力学条件,在颗粒物投加量为20 mg·L-1时分别研究了静置沉降时间、扰动强度和扰动时间对颗粒物絮凝沉降藻细胞的影响.结果表明,絮凝沉降效率:蓝藻绿藻硅藻.在扰动强度为20 s-1、扰动时间为30 min时,0.5~4 h静置沉降时间均促进3种藻类的絮凝沉降.绿藻和硅藻的絮凝沉降效率随着静置沉降时间的延长而降低,前0.5 h的絮凝沉降效率最大;而蓝藻的絮凝沉降效率变化无明显规律.扰动时间和静置沉降时间均为30 min时,随着扰动强度在2~40 s-1增加时,3种藻的絮凝沉降效率逐渐增大.扰动强度为20 s-1、静置沉降时间为30 min时,5~60 min扰动时间均促进藻细胞的絮凝沉降,并且随着扰动时间的增加,絮凝沉降效率呈先增大后降低的趋势.30 min为蓝藻絮凝沉降的最佳扰动时间,絮凝沉降效率为12.56%;45 min为绿藻和硅藻絮凝沉降的最佳扰动时间,絮凝沉降效率分别为11.93%和7.54%.因此,水动力条件的改变可以引起悬浮颗粒物与藻类的絮凝沉降效率发生变化,从而对藻类的群落结构以及水华发生规律产生影响.     

京津冀地区面向人居环境之水安全格局初探

采用文献法对近年京津冀水资源、水环境、水污染、水灾害、水管理等水安全情势进行相关数据分析,从总体上显示出水危机问题和京津冀地区快速城市化发展的关联性.结果表明:1)京津冀城市群必须向节水型社会模式转型;2)建立区域及城市间的协调机制,才能有效克服流域与区域等级的水问题;3)实现京津冀地区水安全格局的治理行动计划网络,提出保护恢复体系、净化循环体系、限制节约体系、调度再造体系、蓄滞防洪减灾体系五大体系.     

基于谐波沉降的管道力学分析*

为避免地面沉降引发的油气管道事故，研究沉降管道的力学特性，提出基于谐波沉降的管道力学评估方法。以中国石化某沉降管道为研究对象，通过现场测量的方法获得沉降区管道高程，利用傅里叶级数展开对不均匀沉降数据进行处理分析，获得管道谐波沉降的拟合函数。建立ANSYS有限元模型，采用土弹簧模型模拟非沉降区管道与土体相互作用关系，将谐波沉降作为位移载荷施加到沉降区管道，对含内压管道的沉降进行数值模拟，分析其应力、应变分布规律。结果表明:沉降与非沉降交界处管道应变及应力最大，基于应变的评估准则，管道运行状态为安全，为应急响应提供支撑。     

Viable contribution of Tibetan sacred mountains in southwestern China to forest conservation

The Tibetan sacred mountains (TSMs) cover a large area and may represent a landscape‐scale conservation opportunity. We compared the conservation value of forests in these mountains with the conservation value of government‐established nature reserves and unmanaged open‐access areas in Danba County, southwestern China. We used Landsat satellite images to map forest cover and to estimate forest loss in 1974–1989, 1989–1999, and 1999–2013. The TSMs (n = 41) and nature reserves (n = 4) accounted for 21.6% and 29.7% of the county's land area, respectively. Remaining land was open‐access areas (i.e., areas without any restrictions on resource use) (56.2%) and farmlands (2.2%). Within the elevation range suitable for forests, forest cover did not differ significantly between nature reserves (58.8%) and open‐access areas (58.4%), but was significantly higher in TSMs (65.5%) after controlling for environmental factors such as aspect, slope, and elevation. The TSMs of great cultural importance had higher forest cover, but patrols by monastery staff were not necessarily associated with increased forest cover. The annual deforestation rate in nonsacred areas almost tripled in 1989–1999 (111.4 ha/year) relative to 1974–1989 (40.4 ha/year), whereas the rate in TSMs decreased in the later period (19.7 ha/year vs. 17.2 ha/year). The reduced forest loss in TSMs in 1989–1999 was possibly due to the renaissance of TSM worship and strengthened management by the local Buddhist community since late 1980s. The annual deforestation rate in Danba decreased dramatically to 4.4 ha/year in 1999–2013, which coincided with the implementation of a national ban on logging in 1998. As the only form of protected area across the Tibetan region during much of its history, TSMs have positively contributed to conserving forest at a landscape scale. Conservation of TSM forests largely relied on the strength of local religious institutions. Integrating community‐based conservation of TSMs within the government conservation network would benefit the conservation of the Tibetan region.