祁连山区亚高山灌丛土壤含水量的空间分布与月份变化规律

为了探究祁连山区不同灌丛类型的土壤水分时空变异规律,论文以祁连山排露沟小流域的箭叶锦鸡儿(Caragana jubata)、吉拉柳(Salix gilashanica)、金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)、鲜黄小檗(Berberis diaphana)、甘青锦鸡儿(Caragana tangutica)5种灌丛为对象,建立固定样地,进行了一个生长季的分层(0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40、40~60 cm)土壤含水量监测。结果表明:1)在各灌丛类型样地之间,土壤含水量差异很大,由大到小依次为:箭叶锦鸡儿吉拉柳金露梅鲜黄小檗甘青锦鸡儿。2)在小流域内空间尺度上,地形(海拔、坡向)、气象(降水、温度)、植被、土壤等作为主要因素共同影响着土壤含水量的差异,导致土壤含水量的空间分布具有随海拔(降水)升高而增大、随地形遮荫作用增强而增大(阴坡高于阳坡)的变化规律。3)不同灌丛类型样地土壤含水量在生长季内各月的变异程度均为弱变异或中等变异,相同土层含水量变异系数大小顺序基本为:鲜黄小檗箭叶锦鸡儿吉拉柳金露梅甘青锦鸡儿。     

皇甫川流域主要人工灌木水分生态的研究

通过在丰水年(1998年)和欠水年(1999年)连续两个生长季对皇甫川流域主要灌木沙棘、沙柳和柠条的生物学特性、蒸腾特征及土壤水分含量的测定及分析,得出结果为:三种灌木蒸腾强度在晴天和阴天表现的日变化规律不同。在丰水年和欠水年的生长季内,三种灌木蒸腾强度均随土壤含水量和降雨量的增减而增减,环境因子综合作用于灌木蒸腾的过程。无论丰水年还是欠水年,三种灌木地上生物量的增长与蒸腾耗水量均呈同步增长,生长季内皇甫川流域主要灌木蒸腾系数均较高,灌木的生长是以消耗大量水分为代价,水分是其生长的主要限制因子之一;柠条蒸腾系数较小,这反映了柠条能较有效利用水分,积累干物质,适合于在皇甫川流域生长;通过测定与计算,皇甫川流域沙棘适宜盖度为61%～79%、柠条为43%～55%、沙柳为46%～59%。     

Microbial Inoculants on Woody Legumes to Recover a Municipal Landfill Site

Tree and shrubby legumes have great potential in degraded land rehabilitation because of their ability to form symbiotic associations with nitrogen fixing rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. Extensive soil disturbance reduces natural microbial propagules thus preventing the formation of beneficial plant-microbes symbiosis. Reintroduction of selected microbial symbionts may improve the recovery rate of disturbed ecosystems. We inoculated selected rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on two woody legume species, the mediterranean shrub Spartium junceumL. and the exotic tree Acacia cyanophylla Lindl. in order to recover a sealed municipal landfill (Palermo, Sicily, Italy). Inoculated plants showed shoot growth parameters 2 to 12-fold higher than uninoculated plants. After transplanting on the municipal landfill site, inoculated plants showed no transplant shock and low mortality (6–15%). The chemical analysis of P and N plant content showed no differences between inoculated and uninoculated plants suggesting that a dilution effect occurred due to higher biomass production of the inoculated plants. The beneficial effects of mycorrhization and rhizobium inoculum on growth parameters were still detectable one year after transplanting in S. junceum.     

科尔沁沙地沙丘恢复过程中典型灌丛下结皮发育特征及表层土壤特性

通过野外取样和室内分析相结合,对科尔沁沙地不同沙丘典型灌丛下结皮发育及结皮下表层土壤特性进行了初步研究.结果表明,半流动沙丘的差巴嘎蒿、半固定沙丘的小叶锦鸡儿、固定沙丘的冷蒿以及固定沙丘丘底的小红柳灌丛下分别发育了物理结皮、藻、地衣及苔藓结皮,结皮的厚度、硬度、水分、＜0.05 mm粘粉粒含量、有机质、全N、全P、速效N和速效P等指标在沙丘生境中为半流动沙丘＜半固定沙丘＜固定沙丘＜固定沙丘丘底,在结皮类型中为物理结皮＜藻结皮＜地衣结皮＜苔藓结皮,各结皮间养分含量和粒径分布差异极显著(P＜0.01).结皮下层土壤的养分及细颗粒含量随结皮发育进展呈增长趋势.同一沙丘结皮下0～5 cm范围内土壤容重、粘粉粒、养分含量由表及里呈递减趋势,且均高于同层流动风沙土.在4种灌丛的7类结皮中,固定沙丘丘底的小红柳灌丛下发育的苔藓结皮及其表土的养分、细颗粒含量明显高于其它沙丘灌丛下的结皮.     

不同沙生灌木下土壤颗粒及重金属空间分布特征

以乌兰布和沙漠沙冬青、花棒、猫头刺、白刺和梭梭灌木下及流动沙丘0~100 cm风沙土为研究对象,通过野外分层采样与室内实验,采用多重分形理论探讨土壤粒径分布(particle size distribution,PSD)和ω(Mn)、ω(Zn)、ω(Cr)、ω(Cu)、ω(Pb)、ω(Ni)、ω(As)、ω(Cd)及分布特征并分析其相互关系,反映土壤结构及重金属污染状况.结果表明,α(q)-f(q)图像均左偏,呈左钩状,即不同灌木均可增加粒度级配中细小颗粒子集比例,同时,沙冬青、花棒可显著增加PSD范围、非均匀度及离散度.不同灌木下土壤重金属整体表现为ω(Mn)ω(Zn)ω(Cr)ω(Cu)ω(Pb)ω(Ni)ω(As)ω(Cd),除ω(Cu)及ω(Cr)外,各灌木下0~10 cm土层重金属含量大多高于流动沙丘;沙冬青下ω(Mn)、ω(Cd)均值分别为354.899、1.429 mg·kg~(-1),远高于流动沙丘,各土层间差异显著(P0.05),ω(Mn)、ω(Cd)最大值分别出现在30~40 cm、10~20cm土层;花棒下ω(Pb)均值居各灌木之首为13.556 mg·kg~(-1),高于沙冬青3.24%,而ω(As)则低于沙冬青0.37%,但均高于流动沙丘.φ(粉粒)与φ(中砂)分别为决定风沙土中重金属含量的细粒及粗粒土壤,8种重金属均与φ(黏粒)、φ(粉粒)正相关,除ω(Cr)外,其余重金属均与φ(中砂)负相关,重金属含量与多重分形参数间的相关系数与φ(黏粒)、φ(粉粒)、φ(中砂)相似,即多重分形维数同样可较好地描述重金属含量与决定性土壤颗粒间的关系.研究显示,沙冬青及花棒可拦滞风沙流中的细小土壤颗粒使其沉降在周围表层土壤,并更好地改善各土层PSD特征,且二者作用后的风沙土中重金属含量高于其余灌木及流动沙丘,故可通过种植二者局部改良土壤并拦滞、原位固控重金属,减轻下风向城市空气中的重金属污染.     

基于遥感影像的峻河流域高寒灌丛决策树提取方法

本文选择青海湖流域内一个具有代表性的小流域—峻河流域为研究对象,通过该区域 IKNOS-2 高分辨率影像的分析,发现该区域高寒灌丛的分布与海拔、坡度、坡向等因素密切相关。 据此,将研究区1:5 万DEM 数据融入TM 影像植被分类过程中,建立一种新的决策树分类方法, 结果将分类总体精度提高到89.37%,Kappa 系数提高到0.7875,达到一般分类结果的精度要求。 这说明,加入多源数据,尤其是地形数据,能够显著提高高寒灌丛植被的分类精度。     

Soil-erosion and runoff prevention by plant covers in a mountainous area (se spain): Implications for sustainable agriculture

In the Mediterranean region the intensities and amounts of soil loss and runoff on sloping land are governed by rainfall pattern and vegetation cover. Over a two-year period (1998–1999), six wild species of aromatic and mellipherous plants (Thymus serpylloides subsp. Gadorensis, Thymus baeticus Boiss, Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl., Santolina rosmarinifolia L., Lavandula stoechas L. and Genista umbellata Poiret) were selected for erosion plots to determine their effectiveness in reducing water erosion on hillslopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountain (SE Spain). The erosion plots (including a bare-soil plot as control), located at 1,345 m in altitude, were 2 m² (2 m × 1 m) in area and had 13% incline. The lowest runoff and soil erosion rates, ranging from 9 to 26 mm yr⁻¹ and from 0.01 to 0.31 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively, over the entire study period, were measured under the Thymus serpylloides. Lavandula stoechas L. registered the highest rates among the plant covers tested, runoff ranging from 77 to 127 mm yr⁻¹ and erosion from 1.67 to 3.50 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. In the bare-soil plot, runoff ranged from 154 to 210 mm yr⁻¹ and erosion from 4.45 to 7.82 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. According to the results, the lowest-growing plant covers (Thymus serpylloides and Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl.) discouraged the soil erosion and runoff more effectively than did the taller and open medium-sized shrubs (Santolina rosmarinifolia L., Genista umbellata Poiret, Thymus baeticus Boiss and Lavandula stoechas L.). Monitoring allowed more direct linkage to be made between plant covers and the prevention of erosion, with implications for sustainable mountain agriculture and environmental protection.     

Changes in Soil Properties After Establishment of Artemisia halodendron and Caragana microphylla on Shifting Sand Dunes in Semiarid Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China

In the semiarid Horqin sandy land of northern China, establishment of artificial sand-fixing shrubs on desertified sandy lands is an effective measure to control desertification and improve the regional environment. Caragana microphylla Lam. and Artemisia halodendron Turcz. ex Bess. are two of the dominant native shrub species, which are adapted well to windy and sandy environments, and thus, are widely used in revegetation programs to control desertification in Horqin region. To assess the effects of artificially planting these two shrub species on restoration of desertified sandy land, soil properties and plant colonization were measured 6 years after planting shrubs on shifting sand dunes. Soil samples were taken from two depths (0–5 cm and 5–20 cm) under the shrub canopy, in the mid-row location (alley) between shrub belts, and from nonvegetated shifting sand dune (as a control). Soil fine fractions, soil water holding capacity, soil organic C and total N have significantly increased, and pH and bulk density have declined at the 0–5-cm topsoil in both C. microphylla and A. halodendron. At the 5–20 cm subsurface soil, changes in soil properties are not significant, with exception of bulk density and organic C concentration under the canopy of A. halodendron and total N concentration under the canopy of C. microphylla. Soil amelioration processes are initiated under the shrub canopies, as higher C and N concentrations were found under the canopies compared with alleys. At the same time, the establishment of shrubs facilitates the colonization and development of herbaceous species. A. halodendron proved to have better effects in fixing the sand surface, improving soil properties, and restoring plant species in comparison to C. microphylla.     

Managing fodder trees as a solution to human–livestock food conflicts and their contribution to income generation for smallholder farmers in southern Africa

Livestock production is an integral part of smallholder farming systems in southern Africa. While goats and sheep play some role in the smallholder farmer household economy, cattle are the predominant livestock species supplying draught power, milk, manure and meat. Production of cattle is based on range grazing. However, the nutritive value of the range is generally low depending on vegetation type and season. With the rapid increase in human population in southern Africa and the increasing need to produce staple food on a sustainable basis, smallholder farmers are increasingly encroaching onto lands formerly reserved for livestock grazing. Therefore, livestock subsisting on the range require supplementation. Conventional bought‐in supplements are expensive. Fodder trees and shrubs have been integrated within some farming systems of southern Africa as fodder banks with varying degrees of success. Work carried out in Tanzania, Malawi and Zimbabwe is reviewed to provide evidence on how the fodder tree technology has impacted on livestock production with special reference to smallholder dairy production, human food production and smallholder farmers’ income. For the wider adoption of the technology, a synopsis of the different scaling up pathways and approaches adopted by research and development agencies is presented.     

通天河流域的森林与灌丛

采用最新资料，综合记述了长江最上游（通天河段）森林灌丛的自然地理条件、类型与分布、资源量与资源特点以及评价与建议，初步揭示了其高寒特征、地位和作用，提出了建立水源涵养－护牧林的生态经济型防护体系的新构想。