聚硅酸钛制备及其助凝特性

采用在活化硅酸制备过程中加入适量Ti Cl4的方法,试制了一种新型无机高分子助凝剂—聚硅酸钛。研究了不同[Si]/[Ti]条件下制备的聚硅酸钛在固定p H值的水中分散物的粒径和Zeta电位随着活化时间的变化趋势,并与活化硅酸作比较。结果表明,在Si/Ti=20,活化48 h的条件下能制备出较为稳定的聚硅酸钛。与活化硅酸相比,聚硅酸钛在水中的分散物具有较大的粒径和更高的Zeta电位。通过对比制备的活化硅酸和聚硅酸钛的红外图谱发现,聚硅酸钛中有TiO-Si键,证明钛离子参与了聚合反应,新生成的化学键提高了它的聚合度和稳定性。采用硫酸铝为混凝剂,聚硅酸钛为助凝剂进行混凝除浊实验。测定了絮凝体的Zeta电位和混凝沉淀后的上清液浊度,研究了硫酸铝投加量和混凝p H对聚硅酸钛助凝效果的影响。结果表明,投加适量的聚硅酸钛助凝剂,明显提高了混凝除浊效果且拓宽了有效混凝p H值的范围。     

Usage of polystyrene disposable food dishes in the lightweight concrete making

The increasing use and subsequent accumulation of polystyrene containers has triggered a substantial environmental problem. This study investigated using varied percentages of solid waste polystyrene disposable food dishes in the production of lightweight concrete samples with 350 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³) of cement and a density of 1,300 kg/m³. The polystyrene disposable dishes were ground into beads of 0–3 millimeters (mm) and 3–6 mm in size. First, the characteristics of Type II Portland cement, polystyrene, and aggregates were examined. The following characteristics of concrete using ASTM International and British Standards Institution standards were tested: slump, compressive strength, ability to resist chloride ion penetration, and resistance of concrete to rapid freezing and thawing cycles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analytical techniques were also used. The slump of samples varied between 40 and 70 mm and was not dependent on either the polystyrene percentage or the size of the polystyrene beads in the concrete samples (p‐value > .05). The compressive strength of the concrete samples after 90 days of curing, and using different percentages of polystyrene, varied between 96 and 113 kilograms per square centimeter (kg/cm²). The resistance of the samples to the freezing and thawing cycle and chloride ion penetration were affected unfavorably by the presence of the polystyrene. The SEM technique indicated that concrete samples containing 15% and 25% polystyrene had denser crystals and less void than concrete samples with 40% and 55% polystyrene.     

粗枝云杉不同径级根系分解过程中4种养分元素的释放特征

植物根系分解是养分元素进入土壤的重要途径之一.为了解径级对根系分解过程中养分元素释放的潜在影响,以川西亚高山针叶林中的粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)为对象,采用原位分解试验,研究云杉3个径级(0-2 mm,2-5 mm和5-10 mm)根系分解过程中钾(K)、钠(Na)、钙(Ca)和镁(Mg)元素的浓度、残留率和释放率动态特征.结果表明:4种元素在冬季和生长季节释放模式不同,除Na和Ca外,其他两种元素冬季的释放率大于生长季;径级对根系元素浓度和残留率有显著影响,随着径级的增大,元素浓度通常会降低,元素残留率则有增加的趋势,K和Ca尤为明显;分解两年后,K、Na、Ca和Mg分别释放了84%-87%、62%-70%、2%-26%和34%-56%.综上所述,径级显著影响川西亚高山粗枝云杉根系养分元素的释放特征,径级效应与元素种类和季节动态有关联.(图3表1参51)     

深部煤层钻屑粒度随钻进深度分布规律

为了研究煤层钻屑粒度随钻进深度分布规律，选取具有冲击危险性的平煤八矿己15煤作为研究对象，采取钻屑量测试和孔口瓦斯浓度监测，通过筛分实验煤样并应用Rosin Rammler分布模型，探究了钻屑粒度和钻屑量大小随孔深变化关系，分析不同点钻屑粒度分布特征。结果表明:小于0.075 mm钻屑粒度分布随孔深变化与钻屑量变化规律相吻合；不同钻孔随深度变化分别对应不同Rosin Rammler分布函数，随着应力过渡越平缓，粒径分布宽度系数n值越小，煤体应力越大粒径相关系数D越大；不同范围钻屑粒度占比大小也会影响钻屑量大小；在钻屑量较大时，孔口瓦斯体积分数会出现增高现象。通过对钻屑粒度分布规律分析，更好地了解深部煤体应力分布，有助于冲击危险的预警。     

Evaluation of the spontaneous combustion characteristics of coal of different metamorphic degrees based on a temperature-programmed oil bath experimental system

Research on the micro- and macrocharacteristics of different metamorphic degrees of coal helps improve the control and protection techniques used during spontaneous combustion. Nine coals with different properties were thoroughly investigated in this study. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a self-designed temperature-programmed oil bath experimental system were adopted to analyze the molecular structure and macrocharacteristic parameters of the spontaneous combustion of coal. Additionally, the influence of particle size on spontaneous combustion was considered. Various functional groups were employed as microcharacteristic parameters to capture the principal active groups in oxidation. The gas production rate, oxygen consumption rate, gas concentration, heat energy release rate, and characteristic temperatures were evaluated as macrocharacteristic parameters to investigate the changes in coal during oxidation. The results establish that the microcharacteristics of coal molecules determine the degree of spontaneous combustion based on intrinsic properties and that changes in the macrocharacteristics of the spontaneous combustion of coal reflect the microstructural changes. The contents of the hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, alkyl ether and aryl ether in the coal molecules gradually decrease with the metamorphic increase. Oxygen-containing functional groups have higher reactivities and easily react with oxygen, causing the macroparameters, such as the oxygen consumption rate, the gas generation rate and the heat energy release rate, to consistently decrease with the increase of the metamorphic degree. Small-particle-size coal molecules have more active aliphatic hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing functional groups and a larger specific surface area, increasing the chances of adsorbing the oxygen of active groups and promoting the reaction between coal and oxygen. The experimental results indicate that coal samples with higher metamorphic degrees or larger sizes exhibit lower tendencies toward spontaneous combustion. Evaluation of the spontaneous combustion of coal based on a temperature-programmed oil bath experimental system is of great practical importance for preventing the spontaneous combustion of coal during storage, processing and utilization and can serve as a convenient reference for production safety in mining applications.     

象山港国华电厂强增温海域浮游动物群落结构和多样性的时空特征

为探明电厂强增温海域浮游动物群落结构和多样性的时空特征,于2011年在象山港国华电厂附近海域,采用浮游生物Ⅱ型网(网目160μm)进行10站位2重复的浮游动物季节性采样.结果表明,共识别出62种浮游动物(含幼体),平均丰度为9 531.1 ind.m-3.该海域浮游动物群落主要由桡足类和浮游幼体类组成,且以浮游幼体类为主,比例高达66.6%.相似性分析显示,各月间浮游动物群落结构差异极显著(P<0.01),控制群落结构的优势种有18种,最重要的判别种有瘦尾胸刺水蚤Centropages tenuiremis、大同长腹剑水蚤Oithona similis、伪长腹剑水蚤Oithona fallax、克氏纺锤水蚤Acartia clausi、长尾基齿哲水蚤Clausocalanus furcatus、针刺拟哲水蚤Paracalanus aculeatus和小拟哲水蚤Paracalanus parvus.GLM分析显示,月份间的多样性指数也存在极显著差异(P<0.01),经计算,各多样性指数随水温增加而下降的拐点水温范围为20.31～22.31℃.在断面上,离排水口0.2 km断面(D02)的平均水温比2 km断面高2.16℃.受温度影响,主要优势种如瘦尾胸刺水蚤和大同长腹剑水蚤倾向于向D02断面移动,克氏纺锤水蚤、尤其是大型浮游动物倾向于远离排水口,并向1.2 km断面聚集,使D02断面的种类数最少(33种)、丰度最低(5 522.8 ind.m-3),而1.2 km断面的种类数(53种)和丰度(16 491.0 ind.m-3)最高;同时,D02断面的多样性指数也明显低于其它断面.经线性回归分析,海域增温使多样性指数极显著下降(P<0.01),每增温1℃浮游动物丰富度下降12.3%.     

杭州市灰霾与非灰霾日不同粒径大气颗粒物来源解析

在2011年典型灰霾和非灰霾天气下,采集了杭州市不同粒径的大气颗粒物样品,测定并分析各粒径段颗粒物的质量浓度及其化学成分;同时采集并分析了主要污染源排放的颗粒物样品,通过CMB(化学质量平衡)模型进行源解析.结果表明:灰霾天气下,二次粒子是杭州市各粒径段颗粒物的首要贡献源,其对≤1.1、1.1~3.3、3.3~5.8和5.8~10μm粒径段的颗粒物贡献率分别为60.4%、62.2%、54.8%和46.5%.在一次排放源中,机动车尾气是≤1.1和1.1~3.3μm粒径段颗粒物的重要来源,贡献率分别为13.8%和12.2%;城市扬尘是3.3~5.8μm粒径段颗粒物的重要来源,贡献率达到16.0%;而建筑施工尘是5.8~10μm粒径段颗粒物的重要来源,贡献率为14.2%.非灰霾天气下,随着颗粒物粒径的增加,二次粒子的贡献率显著下降,对≤1.1μm粒径段颗粒物的贡献率为42.7%,而对5.8~10μm粒径段颗粒物的贡献率仅为15.5%;机动车是各粒径段颗粒物的重要贡献源,贡献率均在20%以上;煤烟尘是≤3.3μm细粒径段颗粒物的重要贡献源类,贡献率为22.0%;城市扬尘是3.3~5.8μm粒径段颗粒物的重要来源,贡献率为18.3%;建筑施工尘依然是5.8~10μm粒径段颗粒物的重要来源,贡献率为21.4%.     

中小燃煤锅炉PM2.5排放特征实测研究

中小燃煤锅炉是我国工业和民用部门最主要的供热方式,掌握其一次颗粒物的排放特征对于研究大气PM2.5的来源和控制途径具有重要意义.本研究通过实测中小燃煤锅炉烟气,获得了中小燃煤锅炉PM2.5及以下粒径段的排放因子和分布,并分析了各粒径段的颗粒密度及除尘装置的去除效率.研究发现,PM2.5质量排放因子平均为(0.123±0.061)kg·t-1,PM2.5粒子数的排放因子平均为(3.17±1.65)×105t-1,烟气中70~120 nm粒径段的积聚模态颗粒在质量和数量上都高于其他粒径段.锅炉燃烧负荷是影响锅炉PM2.5排放的重要因素,锅炉的燃烧负荷越低,PM2.5排放将随之降低.实测锅炉的PM2.5排放因子显著低于物料衡算结果,说明采用物料衡算方法可能极大地高估了现有排放清单中工业燃煤锅炉的一次PM2.5排放量.     

采伐林窗对马尾松人工林土壤微生物生物量的初期影响

为了解人为采伐活动形成的林窗对马尾松低效人工林土壤微生物生物量的影响,以39 a生的马尾松人工林7 种不同大小林窗(G1:100 m²、G2:225 m²、G3:400 m²、G4:625 m²、G5:900m²、G6:1 225 m²、G7:1 600 m²)以及林下为研究对象,分析了林窗中央和林窗边缘土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、微生物生物量磷(MBP)的季节变化。结果显示:①林窗大小显著影响了林窗内各位置土壤MBC和MBP,对MBN影响不显著;MBN与MBC变化趋势相同,均随林窗增大呈先升后降的单峰型变化,但MBN变化幅度较小,MBP仅在林窗中央具有单峰型变化。MBC、MBN和MBP分别在面积为400~900 m²、225~625 m²和625~900 m²的林窗较高。总体来看,中型林窗更有利于微生物生物量的增值。②季节变化对土壤MBC、MBN、MBP均有极显著影响,MBC为夏高春低,MBN夏高冬低;MBP的变化较复杂,秋季相对较高。③林窗中央与边缘间MBC、MBN、MBP差异不显著,但MBC、MBN显著高于林下。说明较之马尾松纯林,林窗内土壤微生物活性有较大提高。④土壤温度对MBC、MBN有显著影响,土壤含水量对MBN、MBP有显著影响,土壤温度和水分是林窗形成后影响土壤微生物生物量的重要环境因子。     

秋季南通近海大气气溶胶水溶性离子粒径分布特征

2012年10~11月在南通近海设立观测点,利用Anderson分级采样器采集大气气溶胶样品,用离子色谱仪(Metrohm IC)分析其中10种水溶性离子组成.结果表明,南通秋季近海PM10和PM2.1中水溶性离子浓度分别为59.70,45.96mg/m3.PM2.1中主要离子质量浓度排列依次为SO42->NO3->NH4+>Ca2+. SO42-,NO3-和NH4+占PM10中离子浓度的80%以上,二次离子为近海区域气溶胶的主要成分.SO42,NH4+和NO3-均表现出单峰型分布,峰值区间均为0.43~1.1mm,Ca2+,Na+和Cl-表现为双峰型.Ca2+高浓度峰值出现4.7~5.8mm粒径段内;Na+和Cl-峰值出现在0.43~1.1mm和3.3~5.8mm内,但最大峰值浓度区间不一致.PM10中nss-SO42-/SO42-比值均高于90%,陆地源对近海硫酸盐的影响显著.nss-SO42-/NO3-的比值在<2.1μm的粒径段内均大于1,表明该区域固定源是大气细粒子中离子的重要贡献源,但移动源对粗粒子的影响值得重视.个例分析显示,稳定的天气系统,高污染排放内陆地区的污染物传输,是造成10月27日的严重污染过程的主要原因.