Ammonium nitrate thermal decomposition with additives

Runaway reactions present a potentially serious threat to the chemical process industry and the community; such reactions occur time and time again often with devastating consequences. The main objective of this research is to study the root causes associated with ammonium nitrate (AN) explosions during storage. The research focuses on AN fertilizers and studies the effects of different types of fertilizer compatible additives on AN thermal decomposition. Reactive Systems Screening Tool (RSST) has been used for reactivity evaluation and to better understand the mechanisms that result in explosion hazards. The results obtained from this tool have been reported in terms of parameters such as “onset” temperature, rate of temperature and pressure rise and maximum temperature. The runaway behavior of AN has been studied as a solid and solution in water. The effect of additives such as sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) and potassium chloride (KCl) has also been studied. Multiple tests have been conducted to determine the characteristics of AN decomposition accurately. The results show that the presence of sodium sulfate can increase the “onset” temperature of AN decomposition thus acting as AN thermal decomposition inhibitor, while potassium chloride tends to decrease the “onset” temperature thus acting as AN thermal decomposition promoter.     

电石渣-石膏湿法烟气脱硫废水处理工艺研究

电石渣-石膏湿法脱硫废水与石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫废水存在差异,主要体现在悬浮物与COD较难去除,采用在中和池添加助凝剂与曝气池添加氧化剂的方法,可在沿用石灰石法脱硫废水处理工艺设计的前提下达到对电石渣法脱硫废水的良好处理效果。     

空塔钠碱法烟气脱硫实验研究

在内径200mm,高度1100mm的喷淋塔内,采用Na2CO3作为吸收剂进行SO2吸收实验,重点研究了液气比(L/G)、空塔气速、进口SO2质量浓度、吸收液pH及初始浓度对脱硫效率的影响。通过实验得到该系统适宜操作条件:吸收液pH值在6.5～7.5之间,液气比在1～1.5之间,吸收液初始浓度5%,空塔气速1.6m/s,在此条件下,进口SO2质量浓度在3000mg/m3以内,脱硫效率可以达到80%以上。     

海藻酸钠包埋活性炭与细菌的条件优化及其对Pb~(2+)的吸附特征研究

利用海藻酸钠固定化包埋活性炭与多黏类芽孢杆菌GA1,通过正交试验研究海藻酸钠溶液浓度、包炭量及包菌量吸附Pb2+的最佳配比,并研究了这种新型的固定化小球对Pb2+的吸附特征.结果表明,固定化活性炭与多黏类芽孢杆菌GA1小球最佳制备条件为海藻酸钠质量分数2.5%、包炭量1:20和包菌量1:2,在该制备条件下吸附率达到93.74%.固定化小球的最佳吸附条件为pH5、温度30℃和Pb2+初始浓度300mg·L-1,活性炭与GA1经固定后对pH、温度和Pb2+初始浓度适应范围扩大.吸附平衡曲线表明,对Pb2+的吸附在30min内是一个快速的过程,在2h时基本趋于平衡,且平衡曲线能较好地用Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型来描述,其吸附过程主要为单分子层吸附,最大单分子层吸附量为370.37mg·g-1.解吸结果表明固定化小球能有效地循环利用.     

改性粉煤灰在处理锑矿选矿废水中的应用

针对锑矿选矿废水中锑和丁基黄原酸钠严重超标的问题,用酸改性粉煤灰对其进行吸附处理.试验结果表明,当改性粉煤灰处理选矿废水的最佳质量体积比(g.mL-1)为1:100,pH值为3,静置时间为4h时,可以将选矿废水中的锑浓度从28.611mg.L-1降到0.05mg.L-1以下,去除率达99.8%以上;废水中的丁基黄原酸钠浓度可从0.373mg.L-1降到0.02mg.L-1以下,去除率达95.0%以上.处理废水后的改性粉煤灰用硫酸-硝酸浸提,浸出液中重金属离子浓度均低于国家浸出毒性标准,表明改性粉煤灰是一种很好的锑矿选矿废水处理剂.     

纳米铁系材料与反硝化细菌复合去除地下水硝酸盐氮研究

采用不同液相还原法制备了纳米Fe、纳米Fe/Ni和油酸钠包覆型纳米Fe粒子,并将其与反硝化细菌复合应用于地下水中硝酸盐氮的去除研究中.分别考察了不同纳米铁系材料与反硝化细菌复合体系去除硝酸盐氮的反应速率及对脱氮产物生成的影响.同时,从核糖核酸(RNA)水平考察了不同纳米铁系材料对反硝化细菌的影响.结果表明,纳米Fe/Ni复合体系脱氮速率最快,6d内对硝酸盐氮的去除率可达到100%,最终产物主要为氨氮,占体系总氮的69%;而纳米Fe和油酸钠包覆型纳米Fe复合体系9d可将硝酸盐氮100%去除,氨氮的转化率分别为52%和16%.另外,从反应前后反硝化细菌总RNA浓度的变化情况看,纳米Fe/Ni复合体系、纳米Fe复合体系和油酸钠包覆型纳米Fe复合体系的反硝化细菌总RNA浓度分别降低了93%、40%和34%,可见3种纳米铁系材料对反硝化细菌毒性大小顺序为:纳米Fe/Ni纳米Fe油酸钠包覆型纳米Fe.     

Effect of chemical and thermal activations on the properties of rice husk ash-based solidified wastes

Strength development,leachability and microstructure of heavy metals from the solidified waste using synthesis rice husk ash (sRHA) and lime blended at the weight ratio of 1:1 were used as binders.The heavy metal-containing sludge was used at the level of 0 wt.%,30 wt.%,and 50 wt.% dry weight,respectively.The sample specimens with and without 1.5 wt.% of sodium silicate (SiO 2 /Na 2 O=1.0) were cured under the ambient condition and elevated temperature curing at 50°C for 24 hr.Experimental results showed that the introduction of sodium silicate solution and elevated temperature curing to sRHA-based solidified waste containing 30 wt.% of heavy metal sludge gave one day strength of 20 kg/cm 2 compared to 0.9 kg/cm2 for the control sample.XRD patterns indicated that most metal-sulfides present in the sludge were appeared in the solidified waste and SEM coupled with EDX techniques reveal these metal-sulfide particles were trapped within the lime-sRHA matrices.In addition,cumulative leaching behavior by tank test (EA NEN 7375:2004) showed that solidified waste containing up to 30 wt.% of heavy metal sludge was suitable to dispose in a secured landfill.     

去除煤矿生活污水二级生化处理出水中NH3-N的试验研究

采用间歇式静态杯罐试验方法,对残余NH3-N浓度5～15mg/L的某煤矿生活污水二级生化处理出水进行了次氯酸钠氧化法去除研究,考察了不同的次氯酸钠溶液投加量和不同反应时间等因素对NH3-N去除效果的影响,研究了反应期间pH的变化情况。试验结果表明,次氯酸钠氧化法可以有效地去除残余NH3-N,对于本试验中的某煤矿生活污水二级生化处理出水,在最佳次氯酸钠投药量为0.1%（Vcl/VH2O）,最佳反应时间在30～50min,其对NH3-N去除率为65.3%,经过氧化处理后,其水质可以达到工业循环冷却水处理设计规范（GB50050-2007）中对NH3-N≤5mg/L的要求。     

膨润土对复合污染中表面活性剂的吸附及机理

选取阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)、阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)及非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100(TX-100)为代表,研究了其在膨润土上的吸附行为,探讨了膨润土阳离子交换容量(CEC)、温度、盐度对CPC吸附的影响.结果表明,Na基膨润土对CPC的吸附性能最好,对SDBS基本无吸附,对TX-100的吸附介于两者之间.Na基膨润土对CPC的吸附是阳离子交换和疏水键缔合共同作用的结果,对TX-100的吸附主要是通过其与膨润土硅氧表面间的氢键作用,同时通过疏水键作用形成吸附双分子层;SDBS在Ca基膨润土上的吸附损失量先增大后减小,在1.5倍临界胶束浓度 (CMC)时达到极大值,主要机理是SDBS与膨润土中的Ca²⁺产生沉淀作用,而胶束具有再溶解沉淀的作用.膨润土对CPC的吸附量随着温度升高而降低,随着CEC的增大而增大,一定浓度NaCl的加入有利于其在膨润土上的吸附.     

固定化反硝化聚磷菌同步除磷脱氮实验研究

实验采用海藻酸钠和PVA添加膨润土包埋固定经富集驯化的以反硝化聚磷菌(DNPAOs)为主的活性污泥,利用体视显微镜和扫描电子显微镜考察了固定化小球的形态和表面结构,并对厌氧/好氧条件下,包埋小球除磷脱氮性能进行探讨,结果表明:固定化小球具有良好的强化生物除磷和较好的反硝化脱氮性能,体系的COD去除率平均达74.9%,平均除磷效率为95.3%,氨氮平均去除率达到95.2%左右。小球若长时间缺氧,在其内部会出现厌氧区,并产生厌氧放磷现象。