Fast,cheap, and imperfect? US public opinion about solar geoengineering

ABSTRACT

Solar geoengineering, which seeks to cool the planet by reflecting a small fraction of sunlight back into space, has drawn the attention of scientists and policymakers as climate change remains unabated. Unlike mitigation, solar geoengineering could quickly and cheaply lower global temperatures. It is also imperfect. Its environmental impacts remain unpredictable, and its low cost and immediate effects may result in ‘moral hazard,’ potentially crowding out costly mitigation efforts. There is little understanding about how the public will respond to such tradeoffs. To address this, a 1000-subject nationally representative poll focused on solar geoengineering was conducted as part of the Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) of the US electorate in October–November 2016. The importance that individuals place on solar geoengineering’s speed and cost predicts their support for it, but there is little to no relationship between their concerns about its shortcomings and support for its research and use. Acquiescence bias appears to be an important factor for attitudes around solar geoengineering and moral hazard.     

Climate engineering and human rights

ABSTRACT

In this Forum, three scholars discuss how climate engineering will pose novel human rights challenges, and may well force reconsideration of how human rights are applied as a guide to action. Following a short introduction, the first section introduces three competing approaches to human rights, arguing views which emphasize fairness or attempt to maximize satisfaction are more promising than one viewing human rights as inviolable ‘side-constraints’. The second section draws lessons from climate migration that are relevant for climate engineering in terms of incorporating a human rights approach to duties, rights, and participation. The final section compares the ‘needs-based’ and ‘rights-based’ approaches to humanitarian work in the face of climate change and climate engineering, raising concerns for duty-bearers and right-holders. The Forum’s conclusion draws together points of overlap and suggests a path forward for policy and research on this topic.     

Investigation of modified horizontal wing cut twisted tapes fitted with rod and spacer at trailing edge on heat transfer properties in Double Glazing V-Trough solar water heaters

An experimental analysis of heat transfer efficiency in double glazing solar water heating system having full-length Horizontal wing cut twisted tapes having twist ratio 3 fitted with rod or spacer of dimensions 125 mm, 250 mm, and 500 mm as length at the trailing edges has been dealt in this work. The experimental results have been compared with a plain tube with similar operating conditions and concluded that variation in the Nusselt number, as well as friction factor, are ±12.56% and ±10.17%, respectively. The result of empirical correlation concludes that Nusselt number is maximal for horizontal wing cut twisted tapes having rod or spacer at its ends while comparing with full-length horizontal wing cut twisted tapes. The friction factor is low for full-length horizontal wing cut twisted tapes than the horizontal wing cut twisted tapes fitted with rod or spacer. The horizontal wing cut twisted tapes fitted with rod has superior performance than twist fitted with spacer.     

太阳模拟器大功率短弧氙灯放电特性试验测试

目的增强太阳模拟器氙灯驱动运行的可靠性,给太阳模拟器研制提供技术保障,针对太阳模拟器大功率短弧氙灯放电特性进行试验研究。方法设计太阳模拟器的大功率短弧氙灯放电特性测试方法,然后通过理论计算和实际测试验证氙灯电源初始电流对短弧氙灯放电特性的影响,并采用增设优化电路的方法对其放电特性进行改善。结果在初始电流为70 A和120 A两种情况下,弧光放电电流到达谷值以后的电流稳定度分别为1.8616和0.9867,增设优化电路后,再次进行短弧氙灯放电特性测量,将初始电流降低到60 A,而稳定度可达到0.5409。结论改善后的电路基本可实现短弧氙灯放电理想状态,完成了对短弧氙灯进入电流击穿阶段后形成的稳定弧光放电电流特性的优化,大大提升了氙灯点灯成功率,为增强太阳模拟器可靠性提供了试验支持。     

光学气体成像技术在泄漏检测与维修中的应用研究

通过介绍光学气体成像技术的原理、泄漏检测与维修关键技术、甲烷气体泄漏检测与识别实验情况,讨论了该技术在石化生产过程中的应用发展趋势。     

某型飞机腐蚀防护及设计改进

目的针对某型飞机的腐蚀问题开展研究,制定结构腐蚀修理和防腐改进措施。方法对外场飞机的腐蚀情况进行统计归类,对现有飞机防护体系进行梳理,分析结构腐蚀原因和防护体系的不足。在对飞机服役地区环境进行实测的基础上,编制飞机地面停放环境谱和飞机结构局部环境谱。研究制定结构防护体系设计改进措施,并通过加速腐蚀试验验证设计改进效果。结果与结构设计改进前的原始状态相比,防腐改进后的结构日历寿命提高1.6~5倍。结论飞机防护体系薄弱的情况下容易引发多种类型的腐蚀问题;系统地对飞机结构腐蚀问题进行治理,才能取得令人满意的效果。     

基于多时相MODIS数据的四川省森林植被类型信息提取

森林植被类型信息对于生态的保护、规划和建设具有重要的意义。论文针对单一时相遥感数据在提取森林植被类型信息方面的局限性,探讨了基于多时相MODIS遥感数据实现提取主要森林植被类型信息的方法。将四川省的森林植被划分为常绿落叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、常绿针叶林、落叶阔叶林、落叶针叶林5 种类型。通过对其年内生长差异的分析,选取多时相（2005 年1 月9日、2 月26 日、4 月22 日、7 月19 日和10 月23 日）特征数据,利用光谱和时相特征知识建立了常绿林、落叶林和针叶林的提取模型;通过特征组合与逻辑判断,实现了5 种植被类型信息的提取,提取精度总体达到84%,植被类型最低精度达到76%。研究表明,该方法可以节约大量的人力、物力和财力,在大范围的植被类型调查与监测方面具有较大的应用价值。该研究表明,四川省2005 年的森林覆盖率为28.43%。各类型按所占百分比由高到低的排序为落叶阔叶林、常绿针叶林、常绿阔叶林、落叶针叶林和常绿落叶混交林。该数据对四川省森林植被的保护和利用具有重要的应用价值。     

KrBr*准分子灯直接光解一甲胺气体

研究了正弦电源驱动的207 nm KrBr*准分子灯光解气相中的一甲胺(MA).考察了降解的影响因素(气体流速、初始浓度、输入功率),测定了灯的输入功率和辐射光谱.为了评价光解过程,对去除效率、能率、碳平衡和CO2的选择性这4个参数进行了研究.结果表明,去除率随着灯的输入功率升高、气体流速的降低以及气体初始浓度的升高而升高.能率与一甲胺初始浓度呈正相关性,输入功率为65.1 W时能率最高.输入功率升高,气体流速下降,碳平衡和CO2选择性都略有升高.当灯的输入功率为79.8 W,气体流速9.0 m3·h-1,初始浓度为2 897 mg·m-3,一甲胺去除率为56.8%,能率为185.6g·(kW·h)-1,相应的碳平衡和CO2选择性为16.8%和10.3%.最后,利用气质联用仪测定了一甲胺降解的产物,结合一甲胺的吸收光谱,推测了一甲胺的光解机制.     

太阳光催化氧化工艺对藻源含氮有机物的降解研究

利用小试试验研究了太阳光/TiO2体系对铜绿微囊藻细胞内的溶解性有机氮(DON)的氧化降解过程,考察了氧化降解过程中总可溶性蛋白、多糖、UV254等指标的变化,分析了其作用机理.结果表明,7h处理后,太阳光/TiO2体系对水样中的DON降解率为29%,且降解过程中TN含量基本没有变化,而NH4+和NO3-的浓度明显增加;氧化过程中,总可溶性蛋白和多糖的含量明显减少,去除率达48.6%和54.5%.水样的浑浊度、UV254和DOC也有不同程度的去除.     

地铁站附属地下餐饮空间噪声特征分析

利用专业噪声测量设备及噪声频谱分析设备,对地铁站附属地下餐饮空间区域噪声进行监测,绘制噪声小时频谱。经分析发现地铁附属地下餐饮空间声环境会受到客流、空间位置及餐铺建筑结构影响,因此在该类空间进行降噪设计中应充分考虑这些因素的影响。