沈阳市地铁疏干水的利用探析

针对沈阳市地铁疏干水利用的现状,综合考虑沈阳市的实际情况,总结出地铁疏干水利用的几种方法,主要包括作为运河、湖泊的补换水源,用于修复、重建湿地,农业灌溉用水以及作为水源热泵的水源等。提出沈阳市地铁疏干水利用的指导思想和法律保障。     

大伙房水库上游地区农业面源污染现状及防治措施

通过对大伙房水库上游地区农业面源污染现状的调查研究,提出减轻农业面源污染的具体防治措施,即采用培育生物天敌、控制农药使用量、水田改为旱田和控制灌溉水的方法控制氮磷流失,从而保护水源地生态环境。     

Radioactivity in the Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is, like the Mediterranean, a marginal sea, which with the Black Sea, were marine environments contaminated from the Chernobyl accident.

Radiocaesium and plutonium isotopes were studied in water, sediment and macroalgae in the Baltic Sea since 1982. the inventory of ¹³⁷Cs in the Baltic increased from 0.65 PBq to 5.85 PBq following the Chernobyl accident. the corresponding increase for ^{239 + 240}Pu was less significant and yielded 1.5 TBq to a total value of 16.5 TBq.

For plutonium, 98% is trapped in the sediment and the net-exchange of this element through the Baltic straits is very small (1 GBq/year), while for radiocaesium, 45% is in the water phase and there is a net-loss of 60 000 GBq annually into the adjacent water (Kattegatt).     

生物预处理微污染水

金坛市主要水源钱资荡水 ,劣于二级饮用水水源水质 ,系微污染水源。常规水处理工艺已很难满足饮用水水质要求 ,拟采用生物预处理。比较了两种生物预处理池对藻类、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、色度、浊度等指标的去除效果 ,提出了生物预处理适宜的运行工况参数 ,为工程设计提供依据。     

冶金炉重大危险源辨识及其爆炸事故后果模拟

冶金炉的铁水、钢水温度高,国内外多次发生冶金炉爆炸事故,但现阶段根据《重大危险源辨识》(GB18218-2000)和《关于开展重大危险源监督管理工作的指导意见》(安监管协调字[2004]56号文)还无法判定其是否为重大危险源.运用爆炸学、热学等方法,提出了判定冶金炉是否为重大危险源的理论与方法,并给出了判定高炉是否为重大危险源的临界有效容积,判定转炉、混铁炉是否为重大危险源的临界公称吨位,最后通过VB编程对冶金炉进行了爆炸事故后果模拟,为冶金企业提供一定的参考价值.     

江苏省13个城市联合观测的大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

江苏省是长江三角洲的重要组成,近年来以臭氧(O₃)和细颗粒物(PM_2.5)为特征的区域复合型污染突出。挥发性有机物(VOCs)是O₃和PM_2.5的重要前体物。2020年4月、8月和2021年1月在江苏省13个城市开展大气VOCs样品离线同步观测,在此基础上分析了江苏省大气VOCs的浓度水平、化学组成和空间分布。整体来看,全省平均VOCs体积分数为40.3×10^-9,其中烷烃(41.8%)是主要贡献者,其次为含氧有机物(16.6%)、芳香烃(12.5%)、卤代烃(12.9%)和烯烃(9.6%)。从具体城市来看,VOCs高值区主要集中在苏南及苏中地区,呈现出明显的“南高北低”的区域分布特征,排名前3的城市分别为常州(52.0×10^-9)、泰州(49.8×10^-9)和苏州(45.2×10^-9)。臭氧生成潜势(OFP)表明,芳香烃和烯烃是对江苏省O₃生成贡献最大的组分,OFP排名前3的组分均包括间/对二甲苯、甲苯和乙烯。利用正交矩阵因子(PMF)模型对江苏省VOCs进行来源解析,共解析出5个因子。工业排放是主要贡献者(40.1%),之后依次为机动车尾气(33.0%)、溶剂与涂料使用(15.9%)、油气挥发(8.4%)和天然源(2.6%)。对于省内各市而言,VOCs来源结构具有差异。常州、苏州工业排放源相对贡献最高;连云港、徐州、扬州和淮安的机动车尾气相对贡献较高;溶剂与涂料使用和油气挥发对各市VOCs贡献较低。优先控制交通相关排放和工业相关排放能够有效地控制长三角中部地区的大气O₃和PM_2.5污染问题。     

气相色谱法测定固定污染源废气中氯甲基甲醚和二氯甲基醚的研究

氯甲基甲醚(CMME)和二氯甲基醚(BCME)属于确认人类致癌物,因此,建立精准、绿色的CMME和BCME检测分析方法十分必要。基于2,4,6-三氯苯酚+乙醇钠+乙醇衍生化体系,利用气相色谱法(电子捕获检测器)测定了固定污染源废气中的CMME和BCME,并且系统地优化了采样条件、衍生化条件,确定了衍生化产物的结构及衍生比率。结果表明：工作曲线相关系数均大于0.990;当采样量为10 L时,检出限均为0.003 mg/m³;当实际样品加标量分别为0.010、0.100、1.00 mg/m³时,测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为15%～16%、8.9%～13%、10%～11%,加标回收率分别为89.2%～90.8%、75.3%～78.6%、76.5%～77.2%。     

基于污染源导向的庐江县地表水中金属元素健康风险评估

水体金属污染对人体健康构成严重威胁,建立金属污染源与健康风险间的关联对金属污染的精准治理至关重要.在安徽省庐江县采集177个地表水样品并测定14种金属元素浓度,采用绝对主成分得分-多元线性回归（APCS-MLR）和基于蒙特卡罗模拟（Monte Carlo simulation）的健康风险评估模型识别地表水中金属的污染源并评估其健康风险.结果表明,庐江县地表水中Al、Be、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mg、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sn和Zn的平均浓度北高南低,Sr呈相反的空间分布特征,而As的空间差异不明显.Be、Fe、Mn和Ni的平均浓度超过《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）中的Ⅲ类水质类别限值.APCS-MLR确定了3个污染源,包括交通源、自然源以及农业与矿业混合源,方差贡献率分别为41.94%、18.06%、11.23%.交通源对所有人群造成致癌与非致癌风险的概率均超过80%,对健康风险的贡献率也高于50%.摄入率（IR）和体重（BW）是控制婴儿和儿童健康风险的最敏感参数,Ni和Be浓度分别是导致其他年龄段居民高致癌和非致癌风险的关键元素.     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LAND USES AND RAINWATER QUALITY IN A SOUTHCENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Spatial and temporal variability in rainfall concentrations of nutrients, major ions, and herbicides was monitored at 7 locations in or near the Conodoguinet Creek watershed in south-central Pennsylvania from 1991.1993. Results were used to (1) compare precipitation quality in forested, agricultural and urban areas, and (2) assess the practicality of using volunteer citizen monitoring in such a study. As indicated in previous studies, sulfate and nitrogen concentrations in precipitation were linked to sample pH. Concentrations of major ions in precipitation appeared to relate more to regional influences rather than local influences. However, concentrations of herbicides in precipitation may have been influenced by both regional and local use which caused compounds like atrazine, deethylatrazine, propazine, simazine, metolachior, alachlor, ametryn, and prometon to be present in detectable concentrations in rainfall. Seasonality was evident in nitrogen, sulfate, pH, and herbicide data and was suggested in calcium, iron, manganese, magnesium, orthophosphate, and chloride data. Agricultural weed control activities were probably responsible for the seasonal pattern in pesticide data which peaked in May and June. Tropical storm Danielle may have caused the apparent seasonal patterns for the other nine parameters. This storm did not follow the typical west to east movement pattern and consequently produced rainfall of relative high quality. A variety of quality assurance checks indicated that trained volunteer citizen monitors were successful participants in this intensive and extensive scientific study, collecting good quality samples in a timely manner. Without this kind of volunteer help, it is extremely difficult to complete studies that require sampling in response to natural events such as rainfall.