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1.
大气甲醛(HCHO)是臭氧(O3)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)二次组分的关键前体物,在大气光化学反应和二次污染形成过程中扮演着重要角色,并存在致癌性.然而,当前对大气HCHO排放来源认识存在不足,制约了二次污染形成机制研究和污染防控策略制定.采用排放因子和成分谱结合方法,建立2006~2020年广东省HCHO排放趋势清单,识别了广东省主要HCHO排放来源和排放时空演变特征.结果表明,2006~2020年期间广东省HCHO排放量在3.9~5.6万t区间波动,整体呈现极微弱的下降趋势;生物质燃烧源是广东省重要HCHO排放源,而受到管控措施的显著影响,其排放量占比从2006年的58%降至2020年的27%;溶剂使用源的HCHO排放则逐渐突显,2020年占比增长至28%,并成为广东省首要排放源,其中塑料制品和沥青铺路是主要贡献行业.移动源中以柴油作为燃料的工程机械和货车也是HCHO重要排放来源;虽然珠三角和非珠三角地区对广东省HCHO排放量贡献相当,但空间分布结果表明HCHO排放热点区域分别集中于珠三角中心区域和非珠三角的东西两角,这是由于珠三角主要来源为溶剂使用源和移动源,而非珠三角主要受生物质燃烧源影响.因此,未来应进一步加强珠三角中心区域的工业和移动源减排以及粤西地区的生物质燃烧监管.  相似文献   
2.
为定量评估生物炭对主粮作物产量的影响,收集了公开发表的116篇相关文献,共866对数据,采用Meta分析法定量分析了生物炭对我国主粮作物产量的影响及其影响因子,同时构建结构方程模型(SEM)进一步解释了因子间的交互关系.结果表明,与不施用生物炭相比,生物炭施用后可改善主粮田土壤理化性质,提高主粮作物产量,平均增产率为8.77%.其中,当生物炭pH为7~8时,平均增产率最大,可达26.49%;其C/N<60时,平均增产率为13.73%,显著高于C/N≥60的平均增产率.将生物炭施入酸性或中性土壤中,更能发挥其增产效应.当施炭量为10~20 t·hm-2时,小麦和玉米的平均增产率最大;施炭量为15~25 t·hm-2时,水稻平均增产率最大.但是,不同施炭水平的水稻增产率相近,可考虑损失部分产量,适当减施以兼顾经济效益.此外,生物炭增产效应会随施用年限增加而不断减弱,一般3 a后增产不显著.SEM表明生物炭施用量不仅直接影响主粮作物产量,还通过改善土壤肥力间接影响主粮作物产量,而生物炭C/N和pH仅通过改善土壤肥力影响主粮作物产量.因此,今后...  相似文献   
3.
Urbanization and mass movement of the population from rural areas and small cities to megacities have led to environmental, economic, and social problems in Iran. In dealing with these challenges, assessing resource and environmental carrying capacity (RECC) is considered an effective method to leverage space and capital to achieve sustainable development. This study aimed to rank the provincial RECC in Iran. Toward this purpose, environmental indices were generated from remotely sensed and statistical census data. Then, the provinces were scored in terms of environmental, economic, and infrastructural carrying capacities, and RECC using the mean variance analysis method. Results demonstrated that in most areas, there is no relationship between economic and infrastructural capacities and development. Statistically, a correlation coefficient of −0.53 between economic and environmental carrying capacities indicated excessive use of environmental capacities. Moreover, the spatial distribution pattern of environmental, economic, and infrastructural carrying capacity was entirely heterogeneous between the provinces; there was a northeast–southwest pattern in terms of infrastructural capacity and an economic pattern from north to south. The distribution pattern of RECC is most consistent with the environmental capacity, pointing at the high weight of the indicators of the RECC model. In conclusion, this research offers a new vision for policymakers and provides a theoretical and applicable framework for implementing sustainable strategies in land-use planning. It is recommended that the RECC concept and tools can be used not only for planning but also for measuring the efficiency of spatial development programs and establishing land balances in the region.  相似文献   
4.
基于中国资源型城市2003—2018年面板数据综合测度城市转型绩效,采用空间马尔科夫链、空间计量模型和空间双重差分模型,探究资源型城市转型绩效特征及其对碳排放的影响。结果表明:(1)资源型城市转型绩效逐渐提升,与此对应的是区域差异呈波动上升趋势,且四种类型资源型城市之间区域差异主要来源于地区内差异,成熟型城市贡献最大;资源型城市转型绩效存在明显的空间分异性,发展格局由以跨越区为核心的“多点式”零星分布向先行区为核心的“组团式”聚集形态演变。(2)资源型城市转型绩效在不同时期存在状态转移的可能性,具有滞后区、起步区、跨越区和先行区4个趋同俱乐部特征,空间马尔科夫链表明转移趋势存在明显空间关联性,状态转移通常出现在相邻等级之间,较少有“跳跃式”转移现象,具有长期性和持续性特征。(3)资源型城市转型具有显著碳减排效应,而且这种效应存在不同资源类型、不同发展阶段和不同空间区位的异质性特征,经济产业转型、社会生活转型和生态环境转型是发挥碳减排效应的重要因素;进一步的政策冲击分析表明,产业转型升级示范区和高新技术产业开发区的设立对城市碳减排具有积极的政策效应。  相似文献   
5.
Conservation practitioners, natural resource managers, and environmental stewards often seek out scientific contributions to inform decision-making. This body of science only becomes actionable when motivated by decision makers considering alternative courses of action. Many in the science community equate addressing stakeholder science needs with delivering actionable science. However, not all efforts to address science needs deliver actionable science, suggesting that the synonymous use of these two constructs (delivering actionable science and addressing science needs) is not trivial. This can be the case when such needs are conveyed by people who neglect decision makers responsible for articulating a priority management concern and for specifying how the anticipated scientific information will aid the decision-making process. We argue that the actors responsible for articulating these science needs and the process used to identify them are decisive factors in the ability to deliver actionable science, stressing the importance of examining the provenance and the determination of science needs. Guided by a desire to enhance communication and cross-literacy between scientists and decision makers, we identified categories of actors who may inappropriately declare science needs (e.g., applied scientists with and without regulatory affiliation, external influencers, reluctant decision makers, agents in place of decision makers, and boundary organization representatives). We also emphasize the importance of, and general approach to, undertaking needs assessments or gap analyses as a means to identify priority science needs. We conclude that basic stipulations to legitimize actionable science, such as the declaration of decisions of interest that motivate science needs and using a robust process to identify priority information gaps, are not always satisfied and require verification. To alleviate these shortcomings, we formulated practical suggestions for consideration by applied scientists, decision makers, research funding entities, and boundary organizations to help foster conditions that lead to science output being truly actionable.  相似文献   
6.
The radiant heat flux from a pool fire is frequently calculated using the solid flame model, where the flame envelope is approximated as a stationary cylinder whose surface emits thermal radiation at a constant rate. Radiant heat flux calculations using the solid flame model assume the target to be at a given elevation, typically at ground level, and to have an unobstructed view of the fire. The presence of obstacles (e.g., walls, buildings, etc.) or terrain features that would create shaded areas and provide shielding of a target from the fire is typically neglected in these calculations: this is a conservative approach, but it is not accurate. This paper presents a methodology to utilize the solid flame model to calculate the heat flux to a target while taking into account the presence of an obstruction between the target and the fire. The shielded solid flame method can quantitatively account for the presence of obstacles as a passive mitigation measure and allows project developers or designers to optimize their facility layout to meet safety requirements. The methodology presented in this paper uses the same correlations found in currently used solid flame models (e.g., LNGFIRE3), therefore, it remains consistent with current regulatory requirements for LNG facilities in the U.S.  相似文献   
7.
为得到地铁区间隧道竖井送风有效风量的无量纲计算模型,通过推导地铁区间隧道竖井送风有效风量的无量纲公式,并采用数值模拟方法明确竖井送风有效风量与火源功率、火源距离、阻塞比和竖井送风量之间的量化关系。结果表明:火源功率、火源距离与竖井送风有效风量之间不存在函数关系;阻塞比对竖井送风有效风量影响显著,随着阻塞比的增大,有效风量逐渐减小,单侧列车停靠时,无量纲有效风量Qe*与阻塞比β呈-1.08次方减小关系,两侧列车停靠时,无量纲有效风量Qe*与阻塞比β呈-0.22次方减小关系;有效风量随竖井送风风量的增大逐渐增大,且有效风量增大比例高于送风风量,单侧列车停靠时,无量纲有效风量与无量纲送风风量呈1.11次方增大关系,两侧列车停靠时,无量纲有效风量与无量纲送风风量呈1.07次方增大关系。  相似文献   
8.
为定量评价大坝浇筑过程空间冲突致灾事故后果,通过对缆机运输典型情景进行危害能量运动分解,确定在水平和竖直方向运动方式,阐述危害能量在流动路径相互转化形式;根据能量守恒定律,分析危害能量在吊罐与承灾体碰撞接触之间转移规律,将吊罐与人头部接触过程抽象为带强阻尼的弹簧振子系统,建立危害能量与碰撞冲量相等的动量方程,量化空间冲突致灾后果。结果表明:吊罐坠落危害能量极大,产生的碰撞冲击力与吊罐的运输速度、高度呈正相关,与阻力系数呈负相关,风速、载重对其影响较大。对比2种不同碰撞情景发现,机械碰撞因顶部承载力缓冲,对人头部产生伤害远小于直接碰撞,并对碰撞结果分级评价,研究结果可为大坝浇筑交叉作业空间冲突致灾风险评价提供参考。  相似文献   
9.
利用2006—2017年我国30个省级行政单位的面板数据,采用空间计量模型对财政分权与环境污染之间的关系进行实证分析,并通过效应分解分别计算出财政收入分权和财政支出分权对环境污染的直接效应、空间溢出效应和总效应。模型估计的结果表明:①财政收入分权与财政支出分权通过直接效应和空间溢出效应两种途径对环境污染产生显著影响,但收入分权与支出分权对环境污染的空间效应具有异质性。②财政收入分权对环境污染具有显著的负向直接效应和负向空间溢出效应,影响系数分别为-5.429和-17.572。提高财政收入分权度不仅有利于减轻本省份环境污染,也对邻近省份的环境污染起到抑制作用。而财政支出分权对环境污染具有显著的负向直接效应和正向的空间溢出效应,影响程度分别为-3.345和1.173。提高财政支出分权虽然有利于减少本省份污染的排放,但在一定程度上引起省际的污染外溢效应,提高邻近省份的污染程度。③从总效应来看,财政收入分权和财政支出分权对环境污染均呈现出显著的负向相关性,影响程度分别为-23.001和-2.172。提高财政分权可降低环境污染水平,有利于环境质量提升。④通过构建不同空间权重矩阵,检验模型的稳健性,结果表明模型估计是稳健可靠的。根据分析结论,可能的启示与建议有:①合理划分中央政府和地方政府之间的财政事权和支出责任,在提高财政支出分权度的同时提高地方政府财政收入分权度,充分发挥地方政府环境治理的积极性和主动性。②继续加大生态环境保护力度,完善绿色经济考核机制,引导地方政府加大对污染治理和环境改善的支出水平及效率。  相似文献   
10.
1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium nitrate ([Bmmim][NO3]), a kind of versatile and novel ionic liquids, is widely applied in the modern petrochemical industry. Nevertheless, its thermal hazard safety data at high temperature or thermal disturbance conditions are currently unavailable. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the thermal risk of [Bmmim][NO3] through auto-ignition temperature measurements, flash point analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC), TGA-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR) and thermal decomposition kinetics analysis. Additionally, [Bmmim][NO3] was examined using isothermal thermogravimetric analysis at different temperatures (220, 230, 240, 250, 260 and 270 °C). The experimental results show that the flash point of [Bmmim][NO3] is 305.70 ± 9.30 °C and the auto-ignition temperature is 341.00 ± 21.60 °C with an ignition delay time of 8.6 s. In addition, using the nitrogen atmosphere TGA data to calculate the activation energy according to the Friedman, Kissinger and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods, roughly the same results were obtained. Finally, TGA-FTIR results show that [Bmmim][NO3] produced acetylene, butane, butanol and carbon dioxide during the thermal decomposition process. This study could provide data support and some guidance for the thermal hazard assessment and safety control of [Bmmim][NO3] during its use and storage.  相似文献   
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