三维电极电Fenton氧化法处理染料废水

采用三维电极电Fenton氧化法处理实际染料废水,探究了染料废水处理效果的影响因素。实验结果表明：以钌铱镀层钛电极为阳极、不锈钢板为阴极、粉末活性炭为颗粒电极,在粉末活性炭投加量为2.0 g/L、电流密度为0.5 mA/mm²、极板间距为3 cm、pH为2.0、硫酸亚铁投加量为0.50 g/L的最优工艺条件下,反应2 h后COD、TOC、氨氮、色度的去除率达到最大,分别为62.80%、41.15%、42.48%和95.00%;粉末活性炭作为颗粒电极可使染料废水COD去除率提高18个百分点;重复使用10次的处理效果与第2次基本持平。     

胞外碳酸酐酶对湖泊微藻稳定碳同位素组成的影响

本文以红枫湖、百花湖和阿哈水库中的微藻为研究对象,通过测定湖水中的DIC含量,微藻胞外碳酸酐酶活力和藻体的稳定碳同位素组成等信息,来研究湖泊微藻的碳同位素组成对全球气候变化的响应。结果发现:水体无机碳和微藻胞外碳酸酐酶活力是影响湖泊微藻稳定碳同位素组成变化的决定性因素。本研究所获得的认识将在全球气候变化方面具有重要意义。     

滇池双龙流域不同土地利用方式下土壤侵蚀与土壤养分分异

在滇池双龙流域选取耕地、撂荒地、草地和林地4种土地利用方式,分别取0～40 cm土壤样品,测定样品中的137Cs比活度及w(TN)、w(TP)、w(TOC),同时根据土壤有机质中δ13C(稳定性碳同位素丰度)的剖面分布特征,分析不同土地利用方式对该流域土壤侵蚀程度、土壤养分分异及有机质来源和变化的影响.结果表明:1耕地、撂荒地、草地和林地土壤的137Cs比活度分别为0.65、0.21、3.92和0.61 Bqkg,土壤侵蚀模数大小表现为耕地撂荒地林地草地.2不同土地利用方式下,土壤剖面w(TOC)、w(TN)和w(TP)的平均值差异显著(P0.001);w(TOC)表现为草地林地耕地撂荒地,w(TN)表现为草地耕地林地撂荒地,w(TP)表现为耕地草地林地撂荒地;各种土地利用方式土壤剖面养分质量分数均随土壤深度增加呈降低趋势.3耕地、撂荒地、草地和林地土壤的δ13C平均值分别为-22.28‰±1.49‰、-23.29‰±0.24‰、-26.32‰±0.25‰和-25.94‰±0.22‰,推断该区域土壤有机质主要来源于陆生C3植物.土壤剖面δ13C的变幅差异反映了土壤有机质分解程度的强弱,δ13C变化规律表现为耕地林地草地撂荒地.4土壤侵蚀模数越大,w(TOC)和w(TN)越低,草地和林地土壤侵蚀程度较低,土壤养分流失量较小,更有利于土壤质量的改善和流域水环境的保护.     

Backwater Confluences of the Ohio River: Organic and Inorganic Fingerprints Explain Sediment Dynamics in Wetlands and Marinas

In the Ohio River (OR), backwater confluence sedimentation dynamics are understudied, however, these river features are expected to be influential on the system’s ecological and economic function when integrated along the river’s length. In the following paper, we test the efficacy of organic and inorganic tracers for sediment fingerprinting in backwater confluences; we use fingerprinting results to evidence sediment dynamics controlling deposition patterns in confluences used for wetland and marina functions; and we quantify the spatial extent of tributary drainages with wetland and marina features in OR confluences. Both organic and inorganic tracers statistically differentiate sediment from stream and river end‐members. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes produce greater uncertainty in fingerprinting results than inorganic elemental tracers. Uncertainty analysis of the nonconservative tracer term in the organic matter fingerprinting application estimates an apparent enrichment of the carbon stable isotopes during instream residence, and the nonconservativeness is quantified with a statistical approach unique to the fingerprinting literature. Wetland and marina features in OR confluences impact 42% and 11% of tributary drainage areas, respectively. Sediment dynamics show wetland and marina confluences experience deposition from river backwaters with longitudinally linear and nonlinear patterns, respectively, from sediment sources.     

鄱阳湖湿地土壤-植物-地下水稳定氧同位素组成分析

近年来,鄱阳湖水位持续走低,极端干旱事件频繁发生,湿地生态系统结构与功能遭受破坏。为此,于2014年鄱阳湖湿地保护区两个断面分层采集0~100 cm土壤,并采集优势种植物和河湖水以及地下水数据,运用稳定同位素技术,分析了土壤-植物-河湖水-地下水稳定同位素变化特征,并探寻它们之间的补给关系。结果表明,两断面土壤水氧同位素变化范围分别为–10.48‰~–5.23‰和–12.39‰~–6.55‰,算术平均值分别为–8.36‰和–8.63‰。断面一表层(0~30 cm)土壤水氧重同位素较富集,且随深度增加而减小;断面二表层(0~40 cm)土壤水中氧同位素组成基本无变化。断面一的地下水主要是受降水补给,断面二可能是受降水和河湖水共同补给。鄱阳湖湿地两断面优势种植物虉草叶片水的氧同位素值最大,为–0.9‰,其次是灰化苔草和芦苇,分别为–4.23‰和–5.25‰。     

陡河水库鱼体汞的生物积累初探

为了解陡河燃煤电厂大气汞释放对毗邻的陡河水库水生生态系统中鱼体汞含量、生物积累和放大等的影响,本研究采集陡河水库野生鱼、虾和螺蛳,分别测定了鱼样等生物样品中的总汞和甲基汞,并对部分代表性样品测定稳定碳氮同位素比值。鱼汞分布特征和δ13C‰和δ15N‰同位素比值分布特征显示:鱼体(鲜样)中总汞和甲基汞平均含量分别为56.4±26.7和15.5±8.4 ng·g-1,总汞含量最高的是杂食性的白条鱼为133 ng·g-1。不同食性的鱼体δ13C和δ15N稳定同位素值变化范围分别为-28.1‰~-24.4‰和12.0‰~16.1‰,Log10[Hg]与δ15N的线性相关斜率值为负值。以上结果表明:陡河水库鱼体汞总体偏低,没有发现高生物积累和生物放大,其主要原因在于陡河水库水环境中汞含量较低,且陡河水库靠近市区,过度捕捞使可以捕获的鱼样种类和数量偏少,且鱼龄较低。     

Mapping Change in Human Pressure Globally on Land and within Protected Areas

It is widely accepted that the main driver of the observed decline in biological diversity is increasing human pressure on Earth's ecosystems. However, the spatial patterns of change in human pressure and their relation to conservation efforts are less well known. We developed a spatially and temporally explicit map of global change in human pressure over 2 decades between 1990 and 2010 at a resolution of 10 km². We evaluated 22 spatial data sets representing different components of human pressure and used them to compile a temporal human pressure index (THPI) based on 3 data sets: human population density, land transformation, and electrical power infrastructure. We investigated how the THPI within protected areas was correlated to International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) management categories and the human development index (HDI) and how the THPI was correlated to cumulative pressure on the basis of the original human footprint index. Since the early 1990s, human pressure increased 64% of the terrestrial areas; the largest increases were in Southeast Asia. Protected areas also exhibited overall increases in human pressure, the degree of which varied with location and IUCN management category. Only wilderness areas and natural monuments (management categories Ib and III) exhibited decreases in pressure. Protected areas not assigned any category exhibited the greatest increases. High HDI values correlated with greater reductions in pressure across protected areas, while increasing age of the protected area correlated with increases in pressure. Our analysis is an initial step toward mapping changes in human pressure on the natural world over time. That only 3 data sets could be included in our spatio‐temporal global pressure map highlights the challenge to measuring pressure changes over time. Mapeo del Cambio en la Presión Humana Global en Tierra y Dentro de Áreas Protegidas     

长沙地区近地面水汽中氢氧稳定同位素的变化特征

基于在长沙地区2014年10月—2015年10月监测的近地面水汽中氢氧稳定同位素组成(δv)及相关气象要素,对水汽中氢氧稳定同位素的变化特征、影响因素及与降水中稳定同位素(δp)的相互关系进行了分析.结果表明:大气水汽中氢氧稳定同位素存在显著的季节变化和日变化,冬、春季值高于夏、秋季值,夜晚值高于白天值.δv~(18)O的季节变化与大尺度水汽输送的季节性变化有关,日变化则与地表蒸散发、大气湍流等局地气象条件有关.通过对δv~(18)O的平衡模拟发现,水汽中和降水中稳定同位素在暖季处于或接近平衡状态,在冷季处于非平衡状态.不同季节的大气水汽线和大气水线具有一定程度的相似性,两者的斜率均为暖季大于冷季;受下垫面新降水蒸发的影响,降水日大气水汽线的斜率和截距相对于无降水日均有增加,暖季分别增加0.11和3.52‰,冷季分别增加0.07和0.14‰.     

桂江主要离子及溶解无机碳的生物地球化学过程

河流水体的化学组成记录了流域内各种自然过程与人类活动的信息.对西江一级支流桂江化学径流的分析结果表明,桂江水体的离子组成主要受碳酸盐岩化学风化过程的控制,CO2是这一过程的主要侵蚀介质;H2SO4对碳酸盐岩的风化影响桂江河水的化学组成.大气沉降、人类活动、碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩化学风化对桂江水体贡献的溶解物质分别占总溶解物质的2.7%、6.3%、72.8%和18.2%.河流溶解无机碳(DIC)的稳定同位素组成(δ13CDIC)揭示桂江河水中的DIC明显被浮游植物的光合作用所利用.浮游植物初级生产力对桂江颗粒有机碳(POC)的贡献达22.3%~30.9%,这表明岩石风化来源的DIC经浮游植物的光合作用转化为有机碳,并在迁移过程中部分沉积水体底部,进而形成埋藏有机碳.     

白石水库颗粒有机物及沉积物中碳、氮稳定同位素的空间分布特征

于2013年10月对辽宁省白石水库水质、颗粒有机物及底泥沉积物中δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值的空间分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:白石水库POC的平均浓度为(1.76±0.98)mg·L~(-1);TP的平均浓度为(0.04±0.03)mg·L~(-1);TN的平均浓度为(1.80±0.08)mg·L~(-1),TP和POC从上游到下游呈现逐渐降低的趋势;TN的水平分布变化不大.小型颗粒有机物的δ~(13)C值平均为(-24.6±0.9)‰;δ~(15)N值平均为(4.8±0.4)‰.大型颗粒有机物的δ~(13)C值平均为(-22.5±0.9)‰;δ~(15)N值平均为(6.7±0.5)‰,颗粒有机物的δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N变化范围都很广,小型颗粒有机物的δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值最大差异可达4.6‰和2.7‰,大型颗粒有机物的δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值最大差异分别为3.3‰和1.8‰.底泥沉积物的δ~(13)C值平均为(-24.2±1.2)‰;δ~(15)N值平均为(4.1±0.7)‰.大型颗粒有机物与小型颗粒有机物之间的δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01).颗粒有机物和底泥沉积物中δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值的水平分布具有由上游到下游逐渐增大的规律,颗粒有机物与沉积物之间的δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值存在显著正相关关系(P0.05).垂直分布中,颗粒有机物的δ~(15)N值是表层大于底层,TN和大型颗粒有机物的δ~(15)N值呈显著正相关(P0.05),POC与颗粒有机物的δ~(15)N值呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01).白石水库水中和沉积物中的有机质主要来源于浮游生物和土壤有机质,颗粒有机物的δ~(13)C值与POC和TP呈显著负相关(P0.05).