梵净山不同森林植被生物量、净生产量、碳储量及空间分布特征

为做好梵净山国家级自然保护区森林植被保护,摸清自然保护区森林植被资源家底,采用2016年第四次森林资源规划设计调查数据及变更至2019年的森林资源数据,计算和分析保护区内森林植被生物量、净生产量、碳储量。梵净山8种森林类型的总生物量为443.72×10⁴t,总碳储量为219.80×10⁴t,总生长量为29.75×10⁴t·a^?1,总凋落量为18.65×10⁴t·a^?1,总净生产量为48.40×10⁴t·a^?1,总生物量、总碳储量较大的是栎林,较小的是铁杉林,桦木林、阔叶混交林、马尾松林、软阔林、杉木林和硬阔林居中;平均碳密度为48.86 t·hm^?2,依次为:桦木林>阔叶混交林>栎林>硬阔林>软阔林>马尾松林>杉木林>铁杉林;总生长量、年凋落量、净生产量较高的是栎林、硬阔林,较低的是马尾松林、阔叶混交林和铁杉林,3种森林类型合计比例不到10%;在龄组中的分配依次为:中龄林>近熟林>成熟林>幼龄林>过熟林。在不同海拔中,梵净山森林植被生物量、碳储量、生长量、凋落量和净生产量主要分布在海拔1201—1800 m,其分布比例分别为50.39%、50.38%、49.21%、50.08%和49.54%;在不同坡向中,梵净山森林植被生物量、碳储量、生长量、凋落量和净生产量主要分布在南坡和北坡,二者合计比例大于60%。     

Mg3MnxAl1-xCO3类水滑石衍生NSR催化剂的制备及其性能评价

采用共沉淀法合成了三元类水滑石Mg_3Mn_xAl_(1-x)CO_3,通过高温煅烧得到其衍生氧化物Mg_3Mn_xAl_(1-x)O_m,再经浸渍负载Pt或BaO后制得新型NO_x存储/再还原(NSR)催化剂。XRD及SEM表征结果显示,当Mn与Al的摩尔比(Mn/Al)大于1时所制备的Mg_3Mn_xAl_(1-x)O_m有杂晶相出现且发生团聚,结合NO_x存储性能评价结果,确定最优Mn/Al为1。BaO负载不利于NO_x的存储,而当Pt负载量为1%(w)时NO_x存储性能最优,250℃条件下的存储量由负载前的0.52 mmol/g提升至0.61 mmol/g。CO_2与NO_x之间存在较强的竞争吸附。负载1%Pt催化剂的NSR性能评价结果表明,8个稀燃-富燃循环后NO_x的去除率为68%,表明催化剂的还原性能仍需加强。     

Photosynthesis and related metabolic mechanism of promoted rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth by TiO2 nanoparticles

• The rice growth was promoted by nano-TiO₂ of 0.1–100 mg/L. • Nano-TiO₂ enhanced the energy storage in photosynthesis. • Nano-TiO₂ reduced energy consumption in carbohydrate metabolism and TCA cycle. Titanium dioxide nanoparticle (nano-TiO₂), as an excellent UV absorbent and photo-catalyst, has been widely applied in modern industry, thus inevitably discharged into environment. We proposed that nano-TiO₂ in soil can promote crop yield through photosynthetic and metabolic disturbance, therefore, we investigated the effects of nano-TiO₂ exposure on related physiologic-biochemical properties of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Results showed that rice biomass was increased >30% at every applied dosage (0.1–100 mg/L) of nano-TiO₂. The actual photosynthetic rate (Y(II)) significantly increased by 10.0% and 17.2% in the treatments of 10 and 100 mg/L respectively, indicating an increased energy production from photosynthesis. Besides, non-photochemical quenching (Y(NPQ)) significantly decreased by 19.8%–26.0% of the control in all treatments respectively, representing a decline in heat dissipation. Detailed metabolism fingerprinting further revealed that a fortified transformation of monosaccharides (D-fructose, D-galactose, and D-talose) to disaccharides (D-cellobiose, and D-lactose) was accompanied with a weakened citric acid cycle, confirming the decrease of energy consumption in metabolism. All these results elucidated that nano-TiO₂ promoted rice growth through the upregulation of energy storage in photosynthesis and the downregulation of energy consumption in metabolism. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of the stress-response hormesis of rice after exposure to nano-TiO₂, and provides worthy information on the potential application and risk of nanomaterials in agricultural production.     

Study on the dynamic response of polyurea coated steel tank subjected to blast loadings

Steel tanks are widely used in the storage of various chemical liquids, and the blast resistance of the tanks is very important because of the explosiveness of these liquids. To explore a feasible method to improve the blast resistance of steel tanks, the effect of polyurea coating on the blast resistance of steel storage tank is investigated in this paper. The responses of monolithic steel tanks and polyurea coated tanks under blast loads are studied by field blast experiments using TNT explosive, and the results shows that the polyurea layers are effective in reducing the maximum and residual displacements of the tank. Numerical simulations are performed and validated, and the deformation process and stress and strain distribution of the tanks are analyzed accordingly. The increase on the bending moment of the plastic hinge lines of the tanks and the increase of the area density of the cylindrical shell induced by the polyurea layers are believed to be the two main factors contributing to the displacement reduction effect of polyurea in this paper. The validated numerical model is used to study the influence of polyurea layer's thickness on the deflection of the tank, and a nearly inversely proportional relationship between the thickness and the maximum displacement is found. Three deformation modes of the tanks are identified when subjected to blast load with varying intensity and it is found that the displacement reduction effect of polyurea varies in different deformation modes.     

Improved models of failure time for atmospheric tanks under the coupling effect of multiple pool fires

Fire accidents of chemical installations may cause domino effects in atmospheric tank farms, where a large amount of hazardous substances are stored or processed. Pool fire is a major form of fire accidents, and the thermal radiation from pool fire is the primary hazard of domino accidents. The coupling of multiple pool fires is a realistic and important accident phenomenon that enhances the propagation of domino accidents. However, previous research has mostly focused on the escalation of domino accidents induced by a single pool fire. To overcome the drawback, in this study, the failure of a storage tank under the coupling effect of multiple pool fires was studied in view of spatial and temporal synergistic process. The historical accident statistics indicated that the accident scenario of two-pool fires accounted for 30.6% in pool fires. The domino accident scenario involving three tanks is analyzed, and the typical layout of tanks is isosceles right triangle based on Chinese standard “GB50341-2014”. The thermal response and damage of a target tank heated by pool fires were numerically investigated. The volume of 500 m³, 3000 m³, 5000 m³ and 10000 m³ were selected. Flame temperature was obtained by FDS, and then was input onto the finite element model. The temperature field and stress field of target tanks were simulated by ABAQUS. The results showed that the temperature rise rate of the target tanks under multiple pool fires was higher than that under a single pool fire. The failure time of the tank under the coupling effect of multiple fires was lower than that under the superposition of multiple fires without the first stage. The stress and yield strength were compared to judge the failure of the target tank. The model of failure time for the tank under the coupling effect of pool fires was established. Through the verification, the deviation of this model is 4.02%, which is better than the deviation of 15.76% with Cozzani's model.     

Dynamic risk assessment for underground gas storage facilities based on Bayesian network

Loss of the underground gas storage process can have significant effects, and risk analysis is critical for maintaining the integrity of the underground gas storage process and reducing potential accidents. This paper focuses on the dynamic risk assessment method for the underground gas storage process. First, the underground gas storage process data is combined to create a database, and the fault tree of the underground gas storage facility is built by identifying the risk factors of the underground gas storage facility and mapping them into a Bayesian network. To eliminate the subjectivity in the process of determining the failure probability level of basic events, fuzzy numbers are introduced to determine the prior probability of the Bayesian network. Then, causal and diagnostic reasoning is performed on the Bayesian network to determine the failure level of the underground gas storage facilities. Based on the rate of change of prior and posterior probabilities, sensitivity and impact analysis are combined to determine the significant risk factors and possible failure paths. In addition, the time factor is introduced to build a dynamic Bayesian network to perform dynamic assessment and analysis of underground gas storage facilities. Finally, the dynamic risk assessment method is applied to underground gas storage facilities in depleted oil and gas reservoirs. A dynamic risk evaluation model for underground gas storage facilities is built to simulate and validate the dynamic risk evaluation method based on the Bayesian network. The results show that the proposed method has practical value for improving underground gas storage process safety.     

抽水蓄能电站工程建设中生态环境监理工作实践探讨

水利水电工程建设是促进国家经济发展的重要建设项目之一,抽水蓄能电站工程建设的重要性正在不断凸显。抽水蓄能电站工程的建设与生态环境有着密切的关系,由于抽水蓄能电站工程长期大规模的开发利用破坏了周边生态环境的稳定,加强工程建设中的环境监理工作是将生态破坏程度降到最低的必然要求。以抽水蓄能电站为实例,通过制定科学合理的环境监理方案,将生态环境监理要点落实到施工建设当中,以期最大限度地减少对生态环境的破坏。     

大型浮顶储罐雷击事故分析及防雷技术研究

通过对典型大型浮顶储罐雷击事故分析,总结了这些事故的共性问题。结合浮顶储罐雷击形式及雷电火花放电研究,分析了大型浮顶储罐雷击火灾事故的机理。岚山输油站在等电位连接、一次密封形式结构等方面进行技术改造,经过验证这些措施有效减少了大型浮顶储罐火灾事故的发生。     

低温柴油吸收工艺在高温油品储罐罐顶废气净化中的应用

采用罐区减排措施和低温馏分油吸收-脱硫工艺处理高温油品罐罐顶废气,在处理气量43.0~384.5 m3/h,柴油流量10~20 m3/h,吸收柴油温度10~15℃条件下,废气经过净化后,硫化氢和有机硫化物去除率大于97.2%,净化气体非甲烷总烃浓度小于8.35 g/m3,均低于GB20950-2007《储油库大气污染物排放标准》和GB 16297-1996《大气污染物综合排放标准》中相关污染物的限值。     

重质油储罐固定式泡沫灭火系统设计优化研究

通过重质油储罐的实体火灭火试验,获得了氟蛋白泡沫液和水成膜泡沫液的供给强度与灭火时间对应关系数据,确定了每种泡沫液扑救重质油储罐火灾的最低泡沫供给强度;以10 000 m3固定顶重质油储罐为例进行了泡沫系统设计计算,将优化设计方案与原有设计方案进行了对比,主要变化是泡沫发生器数量从4只提高至6~8只,泡沫主管线管径从DN200提高至DN250,泡沫消防泵流量也相应提高。优化后的储罐泡沫灭火系统提高了泡沫灭火能力,提升了系统的可靠性,降低了储罐火灾风险。