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1.
A two-dimensional numerical model for evaluating the wind flow and pollutant dispersion within a street canyon was first developed using the FLUENT code, which was then validated against a wind tunnel experiment. Then, the effects of the upstream building width and upwind building arrangement on the airflow and pollutant dispersion inside an isolated street canyon were investigated numerically. The numerical results revealed that: (1) the in-canyon vortex center shifts downwards as the upstream building width increases; (2) the recirculation zone covers the entire upstream building roof for the cases when W/H = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 (W is the upstream building width and H is the building height), whereas the flow reattaches the upstream building roof for the cases when W/H = 2.5 and 3.0; (3) when the upstream building width is shorter than the critical width WC (= 2H), an increase in the upstream building width leads to an increase in the pollution level on the leeward wall of the canyon and a decrease in the roof-level concentrations at the upstream building; (4) when the upstream building width is longer than the critical width, the roof-level concentrations at the upstream building are negligibly small and the pollution level on the leeward wall of the canyon is almost unaffected by a further increase in the upstream building width; (5) when the buildings are placed upwind of the canyon, the flow attaches the upstream building roof and, therefore, almost none of the pollutants are distributed on the upstream building roof; and (6) the pollution levels inside the canyon and on the downstream building roof increase significantly with the number of upwind buildings.  相似文献   
2.
春季不同天气城市街头绿地内PM2.5质量浓度分布特征研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
于2012年春季,采用水平分布监测法监测了3种天气下距交通污染源不同距离的街头绿地中的PM2.5质量浓度,研究了不同天气下PM2.5的日变化、水平分布规律及绿地对PM2.5的净化效应,为城市街头绿地、城市公园建设及市民合理选择休闲锻炼时间和地点提供理论依据。结果表明:1)晴天和多云时,PM2.5质量浓度上午高于下午,7:00浓度最高,15:00最低;雨后阴天基本保持上升趋势。2)PM2.5日均质量浓度为晴天(61.67μg·m-3)〈多云(187.98μg·m-3)〈雨后阴天(291.48μg·m-3)。晴天除5:00和7:00外,其他时刻均达到国家二级标准,且13:00—15:00达到国家一类功能区空气质量要求;多云和雨后阴天PM2.5质量浓度分别超过国家二级浓度限值150.6%和288.6%。3)观测时段内,无论哪种天气,5:00、7:00、11:00和15:00绿地的净化功能较强,19:00净化功能均最差,所有监测点无一例外的表现为负效应。4)3种天气下,PM2.5质量浓度在距离道路10~25 m最高,绿地的净化效应最差,55 m外基本可以形成稳定的森林内环境。5)在南方高湿环境下,空气相对湿度是影响PM2.5质量浓度的主要因素,晴天和多云天气PM2.5浓度与相对湿度呈显著正相关,而雨后阴天二者呈负相关关系。6)在一定阈值内,街头绿地能够缓解PM2.5污染,为居民提供良好的休闲环境。从游憩时间来看,市民可以选择晴天进入街头绿地休闲,多云和雨后阴天尽量减少外出;从活动最佳地段来看,距离污染源55 m以上适宜休闲锻炼;从街头绿地的规划面积来看,半径以不小于55 m为宜。  相似文献   
3.
陈姣  王冠 《中国环境监测》2016,32(3):99-104
随着环境问题日渐突出,地表灰尘重金属污染日益成为研究热点。单纯采用化学方法监测重金属污染具有一定局限性,环境磁学方法以其简便、快捷、经济且无害化的特点在城市重金属污染研究中广为应用。通过文献调研,综述环境磁学在城市地表灰尘重金属污染研究中的应用与研究进展,阐明重金属的主要来源,简述环境磁学的诸多参数,分析磁学参数与重金属的关系,并通过对比不同的磁学分析方法,探讨环境磁学方法在城市地表灰尘重金属污染研究中存在的问题及其发展趋势。  相似文献   
4.
Objective: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different speed-control measures on the safety of unsignalized midblock street crossings.

Methods: In China, it is quite difficult to obtain traffic crash and conflict data for pedestrians using such crossings, mainly due to the lack of traffic data management and organizational issues. In light of this, the proposed method did not rely on such data, but considered vehicle speed, which is a leading contributing factor of pedestrian safety at mid blocks. To evaluate the speed reduction effects at different locations, the research team utilized the following methods in this study: (1) testing speed differences—on the basis of the collected data, statistical analysis is conducted to test the speed differences between upstream and crosswalk, upstream and downstream, and downstream and crosswalk; and (2) mean distribution deviation—this value is calculated by taking the difference in cumulative speed distributions for the two different samples just mentioned. In order to better understand the variation of speed reduction effects at different distances from speed-control facilities, data were collected from six types of speed-control measures with a visual range of 60 m.

Results: The results showed that speed humps, transverse rumble strips, and speed bumps were effective in reducing vehicle speeds. Among them speed humps performed the best, with reductions of 21.1% and 20.0% from upstream location (25.01 km/h) and downstream location (24.66 km/h) to pedestrian crosswalk (19.73 km/h), respectively. By contrast, the speed reduction effects were minimal for stop and yield signs, flashing yellow lights, and crossings without treatment.

Conclusions: Consequently, in order to reduce vehicle speeds and improve pedestrian safety at mid blocks, several speed-control measures such as speed humps, speed bumps, and transverse rumble strips are recommended to be deployed in the vicinity of pedestrian crosswalks.  相似文献   
5.
Abstract

This study compares energy use for food transport to a farmers' market in Sweden with energy use for transport in the conventional food system. The farmers' market was investigated through data sampling from on-site investigations. The conventional food system was studied with the aid of life cycle assessments reported in the literature. Overall, the study found no significant differences in levels of energy use for transport to the farmers' market compared with the conventional food system. For certain products, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, transport-related energy use was much lower in the local system although the season in Sweden for this kind of product is restricted to two or three months at the end of the summer. However, there is considerable potential to increase energy efficiency in local food systems by organizing the selling in new ways and by using more energy efficient vehicles.  相似文献   
6.
风向对街道峡谷内污染物扩散的影响   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
采用Fluent软件,选用RNG k-ε湍流模型,对长高比为5的街道峡谷(简称街谷)在0°~90°风向下流场和污染物浓度场进行了数值模拟.结果表明:0°~75°风向时,街谷内流场呈明显的三维特性,90°风向时,流动表现出中长街谷的二维特点;风向对街谷内壁面污染物浓度的分布有显著影响,90°风向下的街谷壁面浓度最大,其次是45°风向,其余风向下的相对较小,污染物浓度的计算值与风洞试验值在趋势上吻合较好;壁面污染物浓度的分布由街谷内长度方向漩涡、来流冲角产生的进口回流及沿长度方向的流动所决定,壁面浓度的分布差异均可从附近的流场获得解释.街道峡谷内长度方向的漩涡模拟过强会导致地面附近污染物浓度的计算值偏离试验值.  相似文献   
7.
以泉州市交通繁忙区街道灰尘为研究对象,采用模拟酸雨动态淋溶实验和改进的BCR四步提取法研究街道灰尘中重金属元素在不同酸度(pH=3.5、4.5、5.6)模拟酸雨淋溶下的溶出规律及形态变化.结果表明,街道灰尘中重金属元素的累积释放量均随模拟酸雨pH的降低而增加,当pH值为3.5和4.5时,Cu、Pb、Mn、Ni、V、As和Co的释放过程为快速释放阶段,Cr、Zn和Fe的释放过程分为快速释放和相对平稳释放两个阶段;当pH值为5.6时,除Co、V为快速释放过程外,其余重金属都处于相对慢速的释放过程.动力学方程拟合结果表明,双常数速率方程能更好地描述上述重金属元素的累积释放特征.尘样经模拟酸雨淋溶后,弱酸可溶态中Co、Cu、Mn、Zn、Ni百分含量有所增加,Cr、Fe、Pb百分含量变化不明显;可还原态中Cr、Pb、Cu、Ni百分含量有所增加,Mn、Zn、Co百分含量有所下降;可氧化态中上述各元素的百分含量均有所降低;残渣态中除Ni、Mn百分含量有所下降外,其它元素百分含量变化均不显著.  相似文献   
8.
宝鸡市街道灰尘重金属污染的健康风险评价   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
对宝鸡市工业区、交通区和商业区等不同功能区所采集的街尘样品应用美国EPA人体暴露风险评价方法对灰尘重金属进行健康风险评价.结果表明,As、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Co、Ni、Mn、V这10种重金属平均含量均高于陕西土壤背景值,其中Hg、Pb平均含量分别为陕西土壤背景值的37倍和20倍.健康风险评价表明,灰尘中10...  相似文献   
9.
幸鸿  徐伟嘉  蔡铭  刘永红 《环境科学学报》2011,31(10):2102-2108
耦合微观交通仿真和机动车尾气排放模型,分别对含信号控制人行横道和不含信号控制人行横道的街道峡谷污染物排放进行计算,并以此为排放源,采用k-ε两方程模型与组分输运方程对风向与街道垂直时的污染扩散情况进行了三维数值模拟.结果表明,k-ε两方程模型与组分输运方程可以较好地模拟风向与街道垂直时三维街道峡谷内的污染物扩散情况.峡...  相似文献   
10.
城市环境中自然通风研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
城市环境中自然通风源于城市热压梯度及城市风压梯度的综合作用。城市环境中自然通风影响着城市"五岛"效应(城市热岛、湿岛、干岛、浑浊岛及雨岛),城市大气的自净能力和城市居民的身体健康,也是研究快速城市化地区广义城市风环境(风场、温度场、湿度场)的参考因子。为了全面理解国内外针对城市环境中自然通风的研究进展,从城市环境中自然通风的监测、模拟及应用三个方面对目前国内外针对城市环境中自然通风的研究现状进行了综述,最后结合环境物联网、无线传感技术等目前在城市环境中自然通风研究的相关技术及应用领域的新进展,对城市环境中自然通风的后续研究热点和关键问题进行了展望,为城市环境中自然通风的相关技术及应用问题的后续研究提供了基础研究素材。  相似文献   
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