Summary of efficacy evaluations using aerially applied Gypchek® against gypsy moth in the U.S.A.

Abstract

Gypchek^®, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) nucleopolyhedrosis virus product, is manufactured by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, and Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service under controlled conditions in a laboratory strain of gypsy moth larvae. Gypchek was registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1978 as a general use pesticide to control gypsy moth. This product has been the subject of intense research and development targeted toward maximizing efficacy while minimizing the cost of production and application. The current Gypchek tank mix is applied at 1.25 × 10¹²occlusion bodies (OB's) per hectare for each of two applications (3‐days apart) at 18.7 litres/ha per application.     

防晒剂的海洋环境行为与生物毒性

防晒剂广泛添加于防晒霜中,通过人类的水中娱乐活动和污水处理厂排水等途径进入海洋环境,成为一种新型海洋污染物.由于防晒剂具有用途广泛、持续排放、难降解等特点,其对环境与生态的潜在风险已成为国内外环境领域的研究热点.本文分析了防晒剂在海洋中的迁移、转化和挥发等环境行为,总结了常见无机防晒剂(nTiO_2和nZnO)以及有机防晒剂(二苯甲酮类、樟脑衍生物类和肉桂酸类)对海洋生物(藻类、贝类、鱼类、珊瑚、海胆等)的毒性效应,包括生长抑制、繁殖抑制、致死和致畸等,并从氧化损伤、神经毒性及内分泌干扰角度分析其内在的毒性作用机制,最后展望了本领域的研究前景与未来的研究方向,为有关防晒剂的科学研究与污染管控提供参考.