水体中磺胺甲恶唑和甲氧苄氨嘧啶的自然光降解

实验研究了磺胺甲恶唑和甲氧苄氨嘧啶连续暴露于自然光下72 h,在pH值为4.0、7.0、9.0水体中的光降解行为,同时考察了黑暗条件下对照样品在不同pH条件下的稳定性.实验表明,光强、光照时间、水体pH都直接影响到磺胺甲恶唑的去除率.在自然光照环境下,不同pH溶液中的磺胺甲恶唑均易发生光降解,而黑暗对照样品去除率较小.甲氧苄氨嘧啶则比较稳定,几乎未发生降解,但黑暗对照样品在pH值为4.0和7.0的溶液中,与起始浓度相比,去除率大于10%,这可能主要与该药物在不同pH溶液中的离子形态及光照过程中的温度波动有关.     

Cl-/PMS体系降解甲氧苄啶的效能与机理

采用氯离子（Cl^－）作为阴离子活化剂,活化单过硫酸氢钾（PMS）氧化降解甲氧苄啶（TMP）.研究了Cl^－/PMS体系降解TMP中起主要作用的活性物种,同时考察了Cl^－浓度、PMS投加量、初始pH值对降解效果的影响,并研根据中间产物推断了TMP降解路径.实验结果表明,Cl^－/PMS体系中的主要活性物种是Cl^－和PMS直接反应生成的活性氯.降解过程符合拟一级反应动力学模型（R²>0.99）;随着Cl^－浓度和PMS投加量增加,反应速率常数k_obs增大;初始pH范围在5.0~9.0范围内,随着pH值的增大,TMP的去除率先减小后增大;TMP主要经历了氯取代和羟基取代过程,其核心结构上没有实质性的分解.     

基于g-C3 N4研究环境中甲氧苄啶的光降解行为及其毒性

为研究残留抗生素在不同环境介质中的可见光降解行为特征,借助非金属和生物相容的石墨相氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）构建恒温恒湿和快速模拟可见光降解的实验环境,考察甲氧苄啶（TMP）进入不同环境（水、大气颗粒物和土壤）中的光降解过程与机制,并深入探讨TMP降解前后毒性变化规律.结果表明,用氙灯模拟太阳光和g-C₃N₄共存下,水、大气颗粒物和土壤中TMP经光照3 h后降解率分别为89.2%、35.8%和16.9%,同时发现参与水体TMP光降解的主要活性物质是·OH,而在大气颗粒物和土壤介质中光降解过程主要受·O₂^-控制.与大气颗粒物、土壤相比,水中TMP光解后可生成较为稳定的羰基化中间产物（m/z,305）,水生毒性试验结果表明TMP光解产物对斜生栅藻表现出较原药更强的毒性,可显著抑制藻细胞生长率、叶绿素a和b的含量,并引起细胞氧化应激.     

磺胺甲恶唑和甲氧苄氨嘧啶在土壤中的好氧降解及对微生物呼吸的影响

实验研究了抗生素药物在不同土壤中（不同种类以及有无添加牛粪）的降解行为,同时采用基质诱导呼吸法考察了药物在土壤中对微生物呼吸的影响．结果表明,添加牛粪的土壤在前20d内轻微促进了磺胺甲恶唑的降解效率,磺胺甲恶唑的快速降解主要是微生物作用引起,而甲氧苄氨嘧啶则在好氧条件下表现出较强的持久性．同控制土壤样品对比,药物对土壤...     

抗生素单一及联合暴露对RP4质粒介导的抗性基因水平转移的hormesis效应研究

抗生素滥用导致的抗性基因(ARGs)泛滥问题引起人们的日益关注。目前关于抗性基因的研究主要集中在环境监测方面,但是关于抗生素对ARGs传播的影响研究还相对缺乏。质粒是ARGs传播的重要载体,因此以基于RP4质粒的大肠杆菌(E.coli)接合转移体系为研究对象,探讨了盐酸四环素、甲氧苄啶、磺胺氯哒嗪、磺胺异唑在单一暴露条件下对RP4质粒接合转移的影响。根据单一暴露的结果设计混合抗生素的浓度比,探究抗生素联合暴露实验对质粒接合转移的影响。结果表明:在单一暴露条件下,只有盐酸四环素对含有四环素抗性的RP4质粒的接合转移频率有低促高抑的hormesis效应;在联合暴露条件下,对RP4质粒接合转移无促进作用的抗生素会抑制四环素的hormesis效应,这一定程度上降低了抗生素的环境风险。并且用受体理论解释了抗生素对质粒接合转移的hormesis效应产生机制,为目前尚无定论的hormesis受体理论机制提供了证据支持。     

Dissipation of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim antibiotics from manure-amended soils

In this study, the dissipation of two antibiotics, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TRM), in three soils under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions are evaluated. Under aerobic conditions, SMX dissipated rapidly through biodegradation but TRM was more persistent. Within the first 20 days in biologically active soils, >50% of the SMX was lost from the clay loam and loamy sand soils, and >80% loss was noted in the loam soil. Anaerobic dissipation of both compounds was more rapid than aerobic dissipation. The addition of manure to the soil only slightly increased the initial dissipation rate of the two compounds. Little effect was found on glucose mineralisation in soil following the addition of SMX and TRM, even as mixtures at high concentrations.     

The joint effects of sulfonamides and their potentiator on Photobacterium phosphoreum: differences between the acute and chronic mixture toxicity mechanisms

Organisms are typically exposed to mixtures of chemicals over long periods of time; thus, chronic mixture toxicity analysis is the best way to perform risk assessment in regards to organisms. However, most studies focus on the acute mixture toxicity. To investigate the difference between chronic mixture toxicity and acute mixture toxicity, Photobacterium phosphoreum were exposed to chronic (24 h exposure) and acute (15 min exposure) toxicity of single sulfonamide (SA) and their potentiator (trimethoprim, TMP), both individually and mixtures (SA with TMP). A comparison of chronic vs. acute mixture toxicity revealed the presence of an interesting phenomenon, that is, that the joint effects vary with the duration of exposure; the acute mixture toxicity was antagonistic, whereas the chronic mixture toxicity was synergistic. Based on the approach of Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSARs) and molecular docking, this phenomenon was proved to be caused by the presence of two points of dissimilarity between the acute and chronic mixture toxicity mechanism: (1) the receptor protein of SAs in acute toxicity was Luc, while in chronic toxicity it was Dhps, and (2) there is a difference between actual concentration of binding-Luc in acute toxicity and individual binding-Dhps in chronic toxicity. This deep insight into the difference between chronic and acute mixture toxicity will benefit environmental science, medical science, and other disciplines. The existence of these differences poses a challenge for the assessment of routine combinations in medicine, risk assessment, and mixture pollutant control, in which, previously, only a synergistic effect has been observed between SA and their potentiator.