异戊醇低压热解的同步辐射真空紫外光电离质谱研究

作为新兴生物燃料,大分子醇类燃料在低压下的火灾安全基础迫切需要得到深入研究。热解过程作为火灾过程的初始阶段直接控制着火过程,火灾中碳烟颗粒的产生也依赖于热解反应,因此可燃物的低压热解研究在其低压火灾基础研究中具有重要意义。利用同步辐射真空紫外光电离质谱方法研究了异戊醇在0.2atm下的流动反应器热解,探测到了20余种热解产物,包括烯丙基自由基和C_4H_8O、C_5H_8、C_6H_6等同分异构体,并测量了其摩尔分数。基于实验结果,对燃料分解路径和主要产物的生成及消耗路径进行了探讨。与本组之前正戊醇热解实验的对比表明,由于存在支链结构,异戊醇在热解中比正戊醇更容易产生戊烯、丁烯和丙烯,但更少地产生乙烯。此外,异戊醇在热解中能够生成更多的丙炔和丙二烯等环状化合物前驱体,令其苯和1,3-环戊二烯的生成量更高,表明异戊醇比正戊醇更易于生成多环芳烃和碳烟。     

新制备生物炭的特性表征及其对石油烃污染土壤的吸附效果

生物炭作为一种绿色环保的功能材料因其在污水处理和污染土壤修复方面具有显著效果而受到极大关注.采用红外光谱、元素分析仪及微孔分析对不同温度(200、300、400、500和600℃)条件下制备的木屑和麦秆生物炭进行特性表征,并采用制备的生物炭净化石油污染土壤,分别考察了污染物性质、生物质原料和热解温度对其净化效果的影响.结果表明,随着热解温度的增高,生物炭芳香化程度增加,极性降低,微孔结构逐渐发育,表面积增大.加入生物炭33 d后,污染土壤中总石油烃及其组分烷烃的浓度比对照略有降低,而PAHs浓度下降显著.随着热解温度升高,2种生物炭对PAHs的吸附强度均逐渐增大,芳香度增高、表面积增大是强吸附的主要原因.2种生物炭在400℃及以下温度制备时对PAHs的吸附强度为:木屑生物炭＞麦秆生物炭;而400℃以上温度制备的生物炭吸附强度则相反,即麦秆生物炭＞木屑生物炭,说明生物炭原料对其吸附强度也具有显著影响.     

两种有机锌络合物处理棉花的霉变及热解行为研究

棉花是纺织业的重要原料,是人民群众生活不可或缺的必需品,同时也是我国进出口重要的商品。研究如何安全有效地进行棉花的储备具有十分重要的现实意义。棉纤维本身含有脂肪、蜡质和果胶等适合微生物生长繁殖的营养物质。在棉花储备中,高的回潮率会加速微生物的繁殖,进而产生热量。热量的累积会引起温度升高以及棉花霉变,不利于棉花的安全有效储存。因此,通过静电吸附法将安全无毒的有机锌络合物附着在棉纤维表面,研究表明,相同条件下,处理棉的霉变状况明显得到抑制。加速发霉条件下,未处理棉的相对于白纸的平均色差值为28.10,而双乙酸锌以及苯甲酸锌防霉处理棉的色差值分别为5.16和5.86,下降了81.6%和79.1%。自然发霉条件下,双乙酸锌以及苯甲酸锌防霉处理棉的色差值分别下降了53.8%和50.7%。同时研究了纯棉以及处理棉氮气下的热分解动力学,相比于未处理棉,双乙酸锌防霉处理后活化能下降了15.8%,而苯甲酸锌防霉处理后活化能下降了10.9%。此外,利用实时红外和热重红外联用技术得到了样品在热解过程中固相以及气相的裂解产物的红外谱图,发现防霉处理能一定程度上抑制棉花热解。     

减压塔规整填料腐蚀现状与防护

介绍了减压塔规整填料腐蚀的现状,阐述了介质温度、流速、腐蚀介质种类和填料尺寸等因素对规整填料腐蚀的影响,提出了改变工艺、加注缓蚀剂、改变材质和加强腐蚀检测等防护措施。     

PVC热解过程中HCl的生成及其影响因素

采用热重分析仪(TG)对聚氯乙烯(PVC)的热解特性进行研究.在不同条件下进行PVC热解制取氯化氢(HCl)实验,研究载气流量、入料量、热解时间和热解温度对氯化氢产率的影响,得出最佳热解条件;采用离子色谱(IC)、气相色谱(GC)、气质联用仪(GC-MS)对热解产物进行化学分析,揭示PVC热解制取HCl过程的反应机理.结果表明:PVC热解制取氯化氢的最佳热解条件为载气流量100m L/min、热解时间30min、入料量1.2g和热解温度400℃;PVC热解存在2个失重阶段,即260~320℃和390~600℃;随热解温度升高,焦油产率由0.95%升高到20.29%、HCl产率由25.69%升高到53.76%,而半焦产率则由54.39%下降到11.27%、气体产率变化范围为9.09%~18.97%;当热解温度低于400℃时,气体组分仅检测到H2、C2H4、C3H6;当热解温度高于400℃时,检测到的气体组分为H2、CH4、C2H4、C2H6、C3H6、C3H8;随着热解温度的升高,焦油组分中不稳定组分逐渐转化为稳定组分.PVC热解制取HCl的第1反应阶段主要是脱除HCl的链式反应,同时生成少量的苯等芳香族化合物及环烷烃等有机化合物;第2反应阶段主要为少量HCl生成、焦油的结构重整、分子重排、脱苯环和同分异构化等.     

大管径真空排水技术在雨水泵站中的应用与数值分析

针对传统雨水泵站存在的问题,介绍了大管径真空排水技术在雨水泵站应用中的独特优势及具体实施方法。为研究其排水过程中的流态分布、流体动力学性能,建立了典型管道的数值模型,采用κ-ξ紊流模型及Vof方法,对其进行了非稳态数值模拟,分析了两相流在大管径管道充水过程中的气液流动特性。结果表明:大管径排水过程中存在分层流、气泡流及波浪流,并在弯管附近出现短暂集气现象;液相在倾斜管路中有短暂流速停滞现象,随着压差的推进,最终在管道中形成液相满管流。     

The effects of activated Al2O3 on the recycling of light oil from the catalytic pyrolysis of waste printed circuit boards

The effects of employing activated Al₂O₃ during the catalytic pyrolysis of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) are investigated, focusing on the recycling of light oil. Variations in the pyrolysis process are studied through analysis of the phase distribution, water content and boiling point fractions of the resulting products. Product composition and carbon number distribution are analyzed using gas chromatography techniques. The use of activated Al₂O₃ increases the light oil fraction and also reduces the quantity of brominated products formed. It was determined that the best yield of light oil and most efficient debromination resulted from catalytic pyrolysis at 600 °C. Applying catalyst-to-feed ratios in the range of 1.0–1.5 also maximizes the yield of light oil. The major oil fraction resulting from catalytic pyrolysis has a boiling point range of 0–250 °C and carbon number range of C6–C9, showing for use as a potential fuel after suitable treatment such as hydrogenation. At a higher catalyst-to-feed ratio of 2.0, activated Al₂O₃ generates a high proportion of light oil fractions containing a significant quantity of chemicals such as phenol (52.67% at 600 °C), although an overall lower yield of oil is obtained. The oil produced in this manner may also be used as a raw material feedstock for the production of various other useful chemicals.     

Effect of pyrolysis and oxidation characteristics on lauric acid and stearic acid dust explosion hazards

The effect of pyrolysis and oxidation characteristics on the explosion sensitivity and severity parameters, including the minimum ignition energy MIE, minimum ignition temperature MIT, minimum explosion concentration MEC, maximum explosion pressure P_max, maximum rate of pressure rise (dP/dt)_max and deflagration index K_st, of lauric acid and stearic acid dust clouds was experimentally investigated. A synchronous thermal analyser was used to test the particle thermal characteristics. The functional test apparatuses including the 1.2 L Hartmann-tube apparatus, modified Godbert-Greenwald furnace, and 20 L explosion apparatus were used to test the explosion parameters. The results indicated that the rapid and slow weight loss processes of lauric acid dust followed a one-dimensional diffusion model (D1 model) and a 1.5 order chemical reaction model (F1.5 model), respectively. In addition, the rapid and slow weight loss processes of stearic acid followed a 1.5 order chemical reaction model (F1.5 model) and a three-dimensional diffusion model (D3 model), respectively, and the corresponding average apparent activation energy E and pre-exponential factor A were larger than those of lauric acid. The stearic acid dust explosion had higher values of MIE and MIT, which were mainly dependent on the higher pyrolysis and oxidation temperatures and the larger apparent activation energy E determining the slower rate of chemical bond breakage during pyrolysis and oxidation. In contrast, the lauric acid dust explosion had a higher MEC related to a smaller pre-exponential factor A with a lower amount of released reaction heat and a lower heat release rate during pyrolysis and oxidation. Additionally, due to the competition regime of the higher oxidation reaction heat release and greater consumption of oxygen during explosion, the explosion pressure P_m of the stearic acid dust was larger in low concentration ranges and decayed to an even smaller pressure than with lauric acid when the concentration exceeded 500 g/m³. The rate of explosion pressure rise (dP/dt)_m of the stearic acid dust was always larger in the experimental concentration range. The stearic acid dust explosion possessed a higher P_max, (dP/dt)_max and K_st mainly because of a larger pre-exponential factor A related to more active sites participating in the pyrolysis and oxidation reaction. Consequently, the active chemical reaction occurred more violently, and the temperature and overpressure rose faster, indicating a higher explosion hazard class for stearic acid dust.     

污泥预处理强化厌氧水解与产甲烷实验研究

污泥传统厌氧消化因水解瓶颈而导致有机物转化甲烷产率低下.选择适当工况对污泥实施预处理可同时实现对污泥中木质纤维素破稳和污泥微生物细胞破壁,从而释放出较多溶解性COD(SCOD),使有机物水解变得容易进行,最终导致甲烷产率大幅提高.本研究通过热水解(T=150℃,t=30 min)、超声波(P =500 W,t=2 h)、碱解(pH =13,t=2h)和酸解(pH =2,t=2 h)等4种预处理方式对原污泥实施最优工况预处理,分别获得了50.9％、39.1％、31.0％和22.4％的COD溶出率.对预处理后污泥进行传统条件下(SRT =20 d)厌氧消化,分别获得了53.6％、40％、26.8％和24％的甲烷产率(mL/g VSS)增量.同时,预处理后污泥中木质纤维素类物质降解率亦大大增加.缩短SRT(10 d)会导致传统厌氧消化甲烷产率急剧减少,但是,污泥预处理却非常有利于甲烷产率的提高,因此可通过外在预处理方式来逾越内在厌氧水解的瓶颈.     

生活垃圾催化热解液体产物特性

为探索生活垃圾催化热解液体产物特性变化规律,选取Na2CO3、CaO、Fe2O33种催化剂,利用固定床实验、红外分析(FT-IR)进行生活垃圾热解液体产物产率和组分特性研究.结果表明,热解终温600℃无催化剂时,生活垃圾热解液产率为39.80 wt％,添加3种催化剂后热解液产率均降低;生活垃圾分别添加1％的Na2CO3和CaO后,热解油氧含量由22.49％分别降低到20.12％和18.53％,低位热值由30.30 MJ/kg分别提高到33.79和32.74 MJ/kg;无催化剂时热解油成分为脂肪类、含氧化合物及少量芳香类混合物,加催化剂后热解油中芳香类物质峰面积比例显著增加,而含氧化合物峰面积比例降低,羟基类及羧酸类含氧化合物峰面积比例明显减少,其他含氧物峰面积比例却增加;CaO催化效果较明显,生活垃圾添加1％的CaO热解油中芳香类物质峰面积比例从4.36％增加到29.46％,含氧化合物峰面积比例由49.42％降低到23.12％,其中羟基类和羧酸类化合物峰面积比例分别由34.03％和10.65％降低到0.00％和3.34％,其他含氧化合物峰面积比例由4.73％增加到19.77％.