蚯蚓-稻壳炭联合堆肥对工业污泥中重金属的影响研究

蚯蚓堆肥相关研究多集中在生活污泥方面,对工业污泥的探索较少。该研究以马鞍山某钢铁污水处理站污泥为例,添加不同比例稻壳炭(2%、4%、8%),设置污泥单独堆肥、稻壳炭与污泥堆肥以及蚯蚓-稻壳炭联合污泥堆肥试验,探索蚯蚓与稻壳炭联合堆肥对工业污泥中重金属形态和生物有效性的影响。研究表明,(1)相比污泥单独堆肥,稻壳炭联合污泥堆肥能增加污泥pH、EC、TP和降低TOC、TN,而蚯蚓联合稻壳炭堆肥污泥可增加TN,并进一步增加污泥EC、TP,显著降低污泥的pH、TOC。(2)稻壳炭堆肥中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd含量因浓缩效应而上升;而蚯蚓联合稻壳炭堆肥,重金属含量显著下降,添加4%稻壳炭时,重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd质量分数达到最小值,分别为856.64、137.10、158.92、15.48mg·kg-1。(3)重金属形态分析表明,随着稻壳炭比例增加,稻壳炭堆肥中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd的交换态和碳酸盐结合态转化为残渣态及铁锰氧化态的比例增大,添加8%稻壳炭时DTPA提取的有效态重金属质量分数最低,分别为705.72、47.95、50.43、4.47 mg·kg-1;蚯蚓-稻壳炭联合堆肥会使得污泥中重金属交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰结合态和有机结合态均向残渣态转化,添加4%稻壳炭与蚯蚓的协同转化能力最大,Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd有效态重金属质量分数分别为629.84、38.63、36.76、1.63mg·kg-1,说明稻壳炭添加入蚯蚓堆肥可进一步降低工业污泥中重金属有效性,使重金属钝化。本研究可为稻壳炭联合蚯蚓堆肥处理工业污泥提供参考和科学依据。     

城镇污泥蚯蚓堆肥硝化进程及其影响因素

硝化是城镇污泥蚯蚓堆肥稳定化的最后一个阶段,研究硝化进程及其影响因素对减少蚯蚓堆肥过程中的NH_4~+积累、氮素损失和加快蚯蚓堆肥稳定化过程具有重要意义.文章考察了蚯蚓生物量、环境温度以及好氧条件对蚯蚓堆肥NH_4~+、NO_3~-变化的影响.结果发现,蚯蚓生物量对NH_4~+、NO_3~-含量变化影响较大,并存在显著的跃变特点,即当蚯蚓生物量超过一定数量时,会显著加快氨化和硝化速率.环境温度显著影响堆肥氨化作用,影响大小顺序为25℃20℃15℃;环境温度仅对蚯蚓堆肥硝化速率产生影响,但不改变堆肥的硝化进程.蚯蚓堆肥好氧条件对硝化影响大于对氨化的影响,好氧条件优劣不但影响硝化进程还影响硝化速率,氧环境条件好的蚯蚓堆肥硝化进程启动早,硝化速率高.     

Feasibility of vermicomposting dairy biosolids using a modified system to avoid earthworm mortality

Abstract

A laboratory study was conducted to examine the feasibility of vermicomposting dairy biosolids (dairy sludge), either alone or with either of the bulking agents ‐ cereal straw or wood shavings, using the epigeic earthworm ‐ Eisinea andrei. Earthworms added directly to these three substrates died within 48 hours. A system was developed to overcome the toxic effect of unprocessed dairy biosolids. The substrates were placed over a layer of vermicomposted sheep manure into which the earthworms were inoculated. Within two weeks, all earthworms were within the upper layer of substrate. Compared to sheep manure which is a favourable substrate for vermicomposting, the three substrates containing dairy biosolids were more effective in supporting earthworm growth and reproduction. The final products obtained after 63 days of vermicomposting had 39–53% less organic carbon than the initial substrates. Organic fractionation indicated that vermicomposting increased the stability of the materials to biological decomposition. The vermicomposts obtained from the three substrates with dairy biosolids had low heavy metal contents and electrical conductivities, and did not inhibit plant growth when compared with a commercial vermicompost in a bioassay.     

Vermiculture and waste management: study of action of earthworms Elsinia foetida, Eudrilus euginae and Perionyx excavatus on biodegradation of some community wastes in India and Australia

The practice of vermiculture is at least a century old but it is now being revived worldwide with diverse ecological objectives such as waste management, soil detoxification and regeneration and sustainable agriculture. Earthworms act in the soil as aerators, grinders, crushers, chemical degraders and biological stimulators. They secrete enzymes, proteases, lipases, amylases, cellulases and chitinases which bring about rapid biochemical conversion of the cellulosic and the proteinaceous materials in the variety of organic wastes which originate from homes, gardens, dairies and farms. The process is odour free because earthworms release coelomic fluids in the decaying waste biomass which has anti-bacterial properties which kills pathogens. The species used in India were Indian blue (Perionyx excavatus), African night crawler (Eudrilus euginae) and the Tiger worm (Elsinia foetida). E. foetida was used in Australia. E. euginae was found to have higher feeding, growth and biodegradation capacity compared to other two species.Earthworm action was shown to enhance natural biodegradation and decomposition of wastes (60–80 percent under optimum conditions), thus significantly reducing the composting time by several weeks. Within 5 to 6 weeks, 95–100 percent degradation of all cellulosic materials was achieved. Even hard fruit and egg shells and bones can be degraded, although these may take longer.     

果皮、菜叶混合垃圾的蚯蚓堆制处理

在果皮、菜叶混合垃圾中，加入不同比例木屑调节C／N比值和含水量后，接种赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）进行室内堆制处理，研究适宜含水量、接种密度和温度条件下蚯蚓的生长和繁殖特性以及堆制产物的化学性状。结果表明：蚯蚓堆制处理明显加速有机质矿化，促进有机物料降解，提高堆制产物全N量，降低堆制产物有机C含量和C／N比值。加入木屑虽然在一定程度上抑制了蚯蚓的生长和繁殖，但是，0～30d时25％和40％木屑堆制处理中赤子爱胜蚓生长良好，繁殖较旺盛。相关分析表明，接种蚯蚓并加入25％～40％木屑对促进果皮、菜叶垃圾降解以及提高和改善其化学性状是有效可行的，有利于废弃物的减量化、无害化和资源化。     

造粒处理对城镇污泥蚯蚓堆肥微生物群落碳源利用的影响

采用Biolog Eco微平板法探讨了城镇污泥造粒的预处理方法对蚯蚓堆肥系统中微生物碳源利用的影响.结果显示,造粒处理会显著提高城镇污泥中微生物群落对碳源利用的优势度和均匀度,但会降低碳源利用的多样性.与初始污泥相比,造粒处理对氧环境的改善在蚯蚓堆肥的前15 d明显提高了H1(a-D-乳糖)、A3(D-半乳糖酸γ内酯)、D4(L-丝氨酸)、C1(吐温40)、E1(a-环状糊精)、C3(2-羟苯甲酸)、B3(D-半乳糖醛酸)和F3(衣康酸)这8种碳源的代谢强度,增高幅度达到10.81%~24.83%.从碳源利用模式来看,蚯蚓堆肥系统中微生物的碳源利用表现出多元化向单一化发展的特点.胺类和酚类是微生物利用的主要碳源,约占总利用率的40%.污泥造粒和蚯蚓堆肥对胺类的利用无明显影响.与S组相比,15 d前造粒处理会提高氨基酸类和羧酸类的利用率8%以上,对酚类、聚合物类和碳水化合物类无明显影响.但这3类碳源对蚯蚓的作用更加敏感,蚯蚓可以使这3类碳源的利用率提高11%以上.15 d后随着基质中可利用物质的减少和蚓粪的积累,微生物对酚类、羧酸类和氨基酸类的代谢产生了明显的偏好,总体的碳源代谢能力却有所降低.     

不同接种密度蚯蚓堆肥处理有机垃圾混合剩余污泥的比较研究

为了探讨接种密度对蚯蚓的生物量及其堆肥效率的影响,按蚯蚓/基质比进行了1/5,1/10,1/20,1/40和1/80共5个接种密度蚯蚓堆肥处理有机垃圾混合剩余污泥的比较研究。结果表明,蚯蚓的生长和繁殖都与其接种密度呈显著的负相关关系,但蚯蚓堆肥效率只在高密度组(1/5,1/10)和低密度组(1/20,1/40和1/80)之间存在显著差异。从产业应用的角度,1/20可能是赤子爱胜蚓处理有机垃圾混合剩余污泥的最佳接种密度。     

猪粪、木屑混合物蚯蚓堆制处理中蚓体Cu、Zn富集的影响因素

采用室内接种法,以赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia fetida）构建生物反应器,研究猪粪、木屑混合物的蚯蚓堆制处理中,蚓体的生长状况及影响其Cu、Zn富集的主要因素。结果表明,接种密度为40 mg.g-1、湿度为75%同时有利于蚯蚓生长和基质消耗;温度为15℃对蚓体质量增加最有利,而温度为20℃最利于基质消耗;m（猪粪）∶m（木屑）为6∶4可同时利于蚓体质量增加和基质消耗。适宜的接种密度（48 mg.g-1）、湿度（70%）、温度（15℃）及较高比例的碳源辅料〔m（猪粪）∶m（木屑）为6∶4〕有利于蚓体对Cu的吸收和富集;低接种密度和高比例碳源辅料有利于蚓体对Zn的吸收,湿度和温度对蚓体Zn含量无显著影响,但蚓体Zn富集量分别在接种密度48 mg.g-1、m（猪粪）∶m（木屑）为6∶4、湿度75%和温度15℃条件下达最大。     

The application of the vermicomposting process in the bioremediation of diesel contaminated soils

Abstract

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the environmental pollutants that have very high carcinogenic and mutagenic activity. Among hundreds of different PAHs, 17 are considered priority pollutants and routinely monitored for regulatory purposes. Extended periods of exposure and expensive clean-up costs are typically associated with the vast majority of processes used for the remediation of areas contaminated with PAHs. The results of this study indicate that bioremediation via vermicomposting could be an effective method for remedying soils contaminated with toxic organic compounds, such as PAHs. This study was conducted over 90?days in the presence of various quantities of organic matter (cattle manure) to recover soils contaminated with PAHs. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied to identify PAHs. An evaluation of the toxicity of the final material and the transformation of the organic matter throughout the process was also conducted. The data presented here suggest a relationship between the molar mass of the PAHs and the ability of the vermicomposting process to promote biodegradation. These results suggest that vermicomposting has great potential to be utilized as a tool for the bioremediation of soils impacted by PAHs.     

Bioconversion of wastes from olive oil industries by vermicomposting process using the epigeic earthworm Eisenia andrei

The present work evaluates the possible bioconversion of wet olive cake by low-cost biostabilization (vermicomposting process). Wet olive cake fresh (WOC), precomposted (WOCP), or mixed with biosolids (WOCB), were vermicomposted for 6 months to obtain organic amendments for agricultural and remediation purposes. The results showed initial differences depending on previous treatment. WOCP was initially more stable, presented a low C:N ratio, and showed more dehydrogenase and urease activity. By contrast, there was no dehydrogenase activity initially in WOC and WOCB, due to the presence of some different types of polyphenols. Finally, the end product showed relatively higher amounts of total nitrogen and humic acid and met the standard of quality for composts and vermicomposts for use both in conventional and organic agriculture and soil-restoration programs.