Human viral pathogens are pervasive in wastewater treatment center aerosols

Wastewater treatment center(WTC) workers may be vulnerable to diseases caused by viruses, such as the common cold, influenza and gastro-intestinal infections. Although there is a substantial body of literature characterizing the microbial community found in wastewater, only a few studies have characterized the viral component of WTC aerosols,despite the fact that most diseases affecting WTC workers are of viral origin and that some of these viruses are transmitted through the air. In this study, we evaluated in four WTCs the presence of 11 viral pathogens of particular concern in this milieu and used a metagenomic approach to characterize the total viral community in the air of one of those WTCs. The presence of viruses in aerosols in different locations of individual WTCs was evaluated and the results obtained with four commonly used air samplers were compared.We detected four of the eleven viruses tested, including human adenovirus(h Ad V),rotavirus, hepatitis A virus(HAV) and Herpes Simplex virus type 1(HSV1). The results of the metagenomic assay uncovered very few viral RNA sequences in WTC aerosols, however sequences from human DNA viruses were in much greater relative abundance.     

海洋病毒--一种新的、潜力巨大的赤潮防治工具

概述了海洋病毒尤其是藻类病毒(包括原核藻类病毒和真核藻类病毒)的研究进展,以及赤潮发生的新态势和目前赤潮防治方法的不足,评析了海洋病毒与赤潮生物的关系,介绍了藻类病毒在赤潮控制方面所取得的一些成果,强调了海洋病毒在生态环境中的重要作用,提出了利用病毒防治赤潮的可能性及有效性,展望了以病毒调控赤潮的前景.参54     

Effects of Invasive Parasites on Bumble Bee Declines

Abstract: Bumble bees are a group of pollinators that are both ecologically and economically important and declining worldwide. Numerous mechanisms could be behind this decline, and the spread of parasites from commercial colonies into wild populations has been implicated recently in North America. Commercial breeding may lead to declines because commercial colonies may have high parasite loads, which can lead to colonization of native bumble bee populations; commercial rearing may allow higher parasite virulence to evolve; and global movement of commercial colonies may disrupt spatial patterns in local adaptation between hosts and parasites. We assessed parasite virulence, transmission mode, and infectivity. Microparasites and so‐called honey bee viruses may pose the greatest threat to native bumble bee populations because certain risk factors are present; for example, the probability of horizontal transmission of the trypanosome parasite Crithidia bombi is high. The microsporidian parasite Nosema bombi may play a role in declines of bumble bees in the United States. Preliminary indications that C. bombi and the neogregarine Apicystis bombi may not be native in parts of South America. We suggest that the development of molecular screening protocols, thorough sanitation efforts, and cooperation among nongovernmental organizations, governments, and commercial breeders might immediately mitigate these threats.     

Enteric Viruses in a Large Waterborne Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis in Finland

In Nokia city about 450,000 l of treated sewage water was for 2 days allowed to run into the drinking water supplies of the city due to a personal error of one employee. Within the next 5 weeks about 1,000 people sought care at the municipal health centre or regional hospital because of gastroenteritis. Here we report the results of viral analyses performed by gene amplification assays from the earliest water and sewage samples as well as from close to 300 patient samples. The contaminating treated sewage was shown to harbour several enteric viruses known to cause acute gastroenteritis. Likewise, the drinking water sample was positive for noro-, astro-, rota-, entero- and adenoviruses. Noroviruses were also found in 29.8% of stool samples from affected patients, while astro-, adeno-, rota- and enteroviruses were detected in 19.7, 18.2, 7.5 and 3.7% of the specimens, respectively. An erratum to this article can be found at     

昆虫病毒增效蛋白的研究进展

杆状病毒是专化性很强的一类双链ＤＮＡ病毒,主要感染无脊椎动物,特别是鳞翅目昆虫．杆状病毒科又分为３个亚组：核型多角体病毒ＮＰＶ（Ｎｕｃｌｅａｒｐｏｌｙｈｅｄｒｏｓｉｓｖｉｒｕｓ）、颗粒体病毒ＧＶ（Ｇｒａｎｕｌｏｓｉｓｖｉｒｕｓ）和非包涵体型杆状病毒（...     

闽江流域福州区段肠道病毒污染程度的监测与预测

为了解闽江流域福州区段肠道病毒污染状况,病毒污染水平与某些水质因子的相关性,以期建立用简单的方法对水体病毒污染程度进行预测,1998年11月-2000年4月,监测了闽江下游福州段水体肠道病毒污染与水质状况.结果显示,肠道病毒阳性率71.1%,平均病毒浓度5.33pfu/L,其中3个污染控制断面肠道病毒阳性检出率及病毒浓度显著高于对照和削减断面.这表明闽江福州段水环境病毒污染水平同福州市内河生活污水排放有直接的关系,而内河引水冲污工程的实施显然又加剧了闽江水病毒污染程度,增加了饮用水的卫生微生物学危险性.逐步回归分析结果显示,不同水样点的病毒浓度与一定的水质理化和生物因子间有显著性的线性关系,可用于水体环境病毒污染状况及危害程度的简单预测.     

饮水消毒剂对水中指示菌和病毒的灭活及消毒副产物生成的影响

实验室模拟和在东湖自来水厂现场比较研究了不同饮水消毒剂对水中指示菌、病毒的灭活和消毒副产物生成的影响 .结果显示 ,细菌对消毒剂的抵抗力比病毒低 .进一步研究表明 ,当病毒浓度为n(PFU)≈ 1× 10 5mL-1,能使脊髓灰质炎病毒 (PolioV)及大肠杆菌f2 噬菌体 (f2 )彻底灭活的各消毒剂最低浓度分别为 :有效氯 ρ(Cl) =16mg/L ,二氧化氯 ρ(ClO2 ) =8.0mg/L ,联合消毒剂 ρ(Cl+ClO2 ) =(5 .0 +5 .0 )mg/L ,臭氧 ρ(O3 ) =1.2 2mg/L ;有效氯 ρ(Cl) =8.5mg/L ,二氧化氯 ρ(ClO2 ) =5 .0mg/L ,联合消毒剂 ρ(Cl+ClO2 ) =(2 .5 +2 .5 )mg/L ,臭氧 ρ(O3 ) =0 .6 7mg/L .按以上阈浓度加氯消毒东湖源水 ,产生的CHCl3 大大高于其他消毒剂 .将水中有机抽提物进行Ames试验 ,结果显示 ,加氯消毒处理的水样致突变活性明显高于其他消毒剂处理的水样 .所获水样浓集物经GC/MS鉴定分析 ,共鉴定出 118种有机物 ,主要为多环芳烃、烷基苯、酞酸酯、烷基苯酚、醛、酮醇和烷烃类等 .主要成分酞酸酯类系美国环境保护署(EPA)确定的优先污染物 ,具有致突变、致癌、致畸作用 .表 6参 7     

闽江流域福州过境段水体病毒污染调查分析

自1998年11月至2000年4月,监测了闽江福州段病毒污染与水质状况。肠道病毒阳性率71 1%,平均病毒浓度5 33pfu L,植物病毒检出率32 2%,阳性率水样平均浓度0 3006枯斑 升,其中三个污染控制断面肠道内病毒阳性检出率及病毒浓度显著高于对照和消减断面,揭示闽江福州段水环境病毒污染水平同福州市内河生活污水排放有直接关系,而引水内河冲污工程的实施显然又加剧了闽江水病毒污染的程度,增加了饮用水的卫生微生物学危险性。而水体环境中的植物病毒对农业生产存在着潜在的威胁。     

污水稳定塘菌-藻生态系统去除与灭活植物病毒TMV研究

了解污水稳定塘生态系统去除与灭活植物病毒的效率与机理具有重要的理论和实际意义.对模型植物病毒———烟草花叶病毒(tobaccomosaicvirus,TMV)的实验结果显示:稳定塘系统中的悬浮固体(SS)可在短时间内吸附TMV且达到一个饱和值.纯培养的枯草芽孢杆菌及小球藻对TMV的存活无明显不良影响,而光合细菌和稳定塘中的混合细菌群却对TMV具有灭活作用.当它们同藻类形成菌藻共生体系时,对TMV的灭活速率分别从对照的每天0 0404log10(枯斑数·mL-1)升高到0 0783log10(枯斑数·mL-1)和0 075log10(枯斑数·mL-1) 因此,在污水稳定塘生态系统中,由于病毒对悬浮固体的吸附以及菌藻共生体系中微生物的作用可有效地去除与灭活植物病毒,其中悬浮固体吸附病毒并非真正意义上的灭活,稳定塘中存在的细菌特别是光合细菌对植物病毒的灭活才是最主要的因素.     

Relationship between the Population Dynamics of the Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar L., Lymantriidae: Lepidoptera) and the Genetic Polymorphism of the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus

The population dynamics of the gypsy moth and the genomic DNA of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) pathogenic for this insect were simultaneously studied using nucleic acid molecular hybridization (NAMH). It was demonstrated that population outbreaks of the gypsy moth were accompanied by an increase in its sensitivity to NPV and in the genetic polymorphism of NPV strains circulating in the insect populations. The hybridization activity of the virus strains isolated at the phase of gypsy moth population growth was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the activity of the strains isolated at the phase of population decrease.