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1.
为对含蜡原油管道中的蜡沉积厚度进行准确预测,在函数cot(x2)变换的基础上,结合平移变换思想,利用cot(x2+c)变换建立新的改进GM(1,1)模型。以现场管道结蜡数据和室内环道结蜡数据为例,对比改进GM(1,1)模型、基于函数cot(x2)变换建立的GM(1,1)模型及传统GM(1,1)模型之间的预测精度,并分析平移量c对改进GM(1,1)模型预测精度的影响。结果表明:改进GM(1,1)模型的预测精度最高,其次是基于函数cot(x2)变换建立的GM(1,1)模型,而传统GM(1,1)模型的预测精度最低;随着平移量的增大,改进GM(1,1)模型的平均相对预测误差呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,因此合理的平移量有助于模型精度的提高。应用改进GM(1,1)模型来预测管道蜡沉积厚度是可行的,该方法可为含蜡原油管道蜡沉积厚度的准确预测提供参考和借鉴。  相似文献   
2.
杨灵芳  孔东彦  刁静文  郭鹏 《环境科学》2023,44(11):6226-6234
研究已证实大气氮沉降的增加显著影响了土壤有机碳的含量,然而其变化幅度在不同的实验样地具有较大的差异.基于在我国开展的49个模拟氮沉降野外实验的408组数据,利用Meta分析、Meta回归和线性回归等方法系统研究了样地气候、土壤属性以及氮素施用参数对施氮后土壤有机碳含量的影响.结果表明,样地的年均温(MAT)和年均降水量(MAP)与施氮后土壤有机碳含量变化幅度显著正相关(P<0.05).在MAT或MAP较低(MAT<3℃,MAP<500 mm)的样地中,施氮后土壤有机碳含量显著下降;而在MAT或MAP较高(MAT>3℃,MAP>500 mm)的样地中,施氮后土壤有机碳含量则显著升高.土壤属性方面,在C:N较高(>15)或酸性(pH<6.5)土壤中,施氮后土壤有机碳积累明显(P<0.05);而在C:N较低(≤15)以及中性或碱性(pH≥6.5)土壤中,施氮后土壤有机碳变化不明显(P >0.05).此外,施氮后草原生态系统土壤有机碳含量明显下降(-5.34%);而湿地生态系统土壤有机碳含量变化不明显;森林生态系统土壤有机碳表现出明显积累(10.52%),特别是阔叶林生态系统(13.10%).所有的因子中,土壤C:N是影响施氮后土壤有机碳变化幅度的主导因子.在施氮类型方面,施加硝酸铵或尿素后土壤有机碳含量显著升高,而施加硝态氮对其影响不显著.综上所述,在精确评估、预测和分析氮沉降对土壤有机碳含量的影响时,应综合考虑样地的气候、土壤属性以及氮素施用参数等因素对实验结果的影响.  相似文献   
3.
大气氮磷沉降量分析——以杭州北里湖为例   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为更好地了解大气氮磷沉降量的影响因素及其对水环境的影响,采用自制采样器,对杭州北里湖2011年4月-2012年2月大气氮、磷的总、湿沉降进行采集,并通过对干、湿沉降量的计算,探讨了大气干、湿沉降中TN、TP、NH4+-N和NO3--N的变化趋势.结果表明,因秋季利于沉降而不利于扩散,夏季降水多,各物质的干沉降量表现出秋季高、夏季低的特点,湿沉降量则夏季较高.TN干沉降以NH4+-N为主,其干沉降量与气温、气压及降水量有关,而NO3--N干沉降量与风速有关;大气湿沉降量除NO3--N外,TN、TP和NH4+-N与降水量均呈现出较强的相关性,相关系数分别为0.882、0.700和0.827.在研究期间,TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N以湿沉降为主,TP以干沉降为主;北里湖大气总沉降的入湖TN量为4 503.74kg/km2,TP为100.14 kg./km2,入湖的TN/TP比值高达45,远超出正常水平,这对北里湖水体的富营养化产生了严重影响.  相似文献   
4.
森林土壤储存着全球陆地生态系统大约45%的碳,在维持全球碳平衡方面具有重要的作用。不断加剧的全球氮沉降对森林生态系统碳循环和碳吸存产生了深刻的影响,进而改变了森林生态系统的生产力和生物量积累。本文以欧洲和北美温带地区开展的有关氮沉降对森林生态系统影响的研究为基础,提炼出最可能决定加氮影响碳输入、输出效应方向和大小的因素:凋落物分解、细根周转、外生菌根真菌、土壤呼吸及可溶性有机碳淋失,并探讨了森林生态系统碳动态对氮沉降响应的不确定性。陆地生态系统碳氮循环密切相关,由于氮循环的复杂性,尽管以往碳循环研究都考虑了氮对碳循环的限制作用,但在碳氮循环耦合机理方面的研究还比较少见。在未来研究中,应通过探寻森林土壤碳氮相互作用特征,及土壤微生物、土壤酶等与土壤碳氮过程的互动机制,来增进氮沉降对森林碳储量和碳通量的理解。  相似文献   
5.
PAH concentrations have been determined in 47 seasonal snowpack samples collected in the Valbelluna valley and in the Bellunesi Dolomites National Park, in the Italian North-Eastern Alps, during the winter of 2005. The ΣPAH concentration in high-altitude alpine sites (above 1700 m) was 32 ± 20 ng/kg while in valley bottom urban areas it was 165 ± 54 ng/kg with maximum values of 290 ng/kg. The GIS mapping technique was employed to produce a PAH spatial distribution. The urbanized Valbelluna valley, and in particular the SW part, had the highest accumulation of all PAH, with values an order of magnitude more than those in rural and alpine areas. This behaviour is consistent with urban air quality data, and is due to geo-morphological and meteorological factors such as the deeper shape of the valley at the position of the town of Feltre and the low altitude of the boundary layer during the winter season.  相似文献   
6.
Increases in reactive nitrogen deposition are a growing concern in the U.S. Rocky Mountain west. The Rocky Mountain Airborne Nitrogen and Sulfur (RoMANS) study was designed to improve understanding of the species and pathways that contribute to nitrogen deposition in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP). During two 5-week field campaigns in spring and summer of 2006, the largest contributor to reactive nitrogen deposition in RMNP was found to be wet deposition of ammonium (34% spring and summer), followed by wet deposition of nitrate (24% spring, 28% summer). The third and fourth most important reactive nitrogen deposition pathways were found to be wet deposition of organic nitrogen (17%, 12%) and dry deposition of ammonia (14%, 16%), neither of which is routinely measured by air quality/deposition networks operating in the region. Total reactive nitrogen deposition during the spring campaign was determined to be 0.45 kg ha−1 and more than doubled to 0.95 kg ha−1 during the summer campaign.  相似文献   
7.
The critical load (CL) of acidic atmospheric deposition represents the load of acidity deposited from the atmosphere to the earth’s surface at which harmful acidification effects on sensitive biological receptors are thought to occur. In this study, the CL for forest soils was estimated for 27 watersheds throughout the United States using a steady-state mass balance approach based on both national and site-specific data and using different approaches for estimating base cation weathering. Results suggested that the scale and source of input data can have large effects on the calculated CL and that the most important parameter in the steady-state model used to estimate CL is base cation weathering. These results suggest that the data and approach used to estimate weathering must be robust if the calculated CL is to be useful for its intended purpose.  相似文献   
8.
从2006年6月至2007年6月期间采集了北京市区的降尘和大气TSP,分析了其中的PAHs和降尘的粒度。降尘颗粒大部分在100μm以下,体积平均径和中位径D50的范围分别为18.89-53.117μm和11.59-28.98μm。全年降尘平均沉降通量为0.451 9 t/(km2.d),冬季高,夏秋季低;∑16PAHs的沉降通量平均为4.76 g/(km2.d),冬季高,夏季低,与同期的大气SO2的API指数显著相关。TSP中的∑16PAHs与降尘中的∑16PAHs具有显著的相关关系,成分谱一致。PAHs的沉降速率变化范围为0.004-5.46 cm/s,夏季高、冬季低。交通沿线∑16PAHs的沉降通量远远高于非交通线的沉降通量。  相似文献   
9.
In the extremely arid (∼150 mm yr−1) eastern Canary Islands of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and La Graciosa, agriculture has been sustained for decades by a traditional runoff-capture (RC) farming system known as “gavias”. Although the main goal of these systems is to increase water supply for crops, making unnecessary conventional irrigation, a secondary and equally important factor is that this system allows for sustainable agricultural production without addition of chemical or organic fertilizers. A field study was conducted to assess the impact of long-term agriculture (>50 yr) on soil fertility and to evaluate key factors affecting the nutrient sustainability of RC agricultural production. Soil fertility and nutrient dynamics were studied through chemical characterization of the arable layer (0-25 cm) of RC agricultural plots, adjacent natural soils (control) not affected by runoff and cultivation, and sediments contributed by a series of RC events. Results showed that RC soils have enhanced fertility status, particularly because they are less affected by salinity and sodicity (mean electrical conductivity = 1.8 dS m−1 vs. 51.0 dS m−1 in control soils; mean exchangeable sodium percentage = 11.1% vs. 30.6% in control soils), and have higher water and nutrient holding capacities (mean clay plus silt contents ≈87% vs. 69% in control soils). In general, sediments transported with the runoff and deposited in RC plots (average sediment yield ≈ 46 ton ha−1 yr−1), contain sufficient nutrients to prevent a progressive reduction of essential plant nutrients below natural levels in spite of nutrient uptake and removal by the harvested crop. Average additions of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with the runoff sediments were 33.6, 35.3 and 48.8 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Results of this study show how a crop production system can be sustained in the long term by natural hydrological and biogeochemical catchment processes. This system maintains a nutrient balance that is not based on energy-intensive inputs of fertilizers, but is integrated in natural nutrient cycling processes, unlike other tropical farming agroecosystems.  相似文献   
10.
Long term trend analysis of bulk precipitation, throughfall and soil solution elemental fluxes from 12 years monitoring at 10 ICP Level II forest sites in the UK reveal coherent national chemical trends indicating recovery from sulphur deposition and acidification. Soil solution pH increased and sulphate and aluminium decreased at most sites. Trends in nitrogen were variable and dependant on its form. Dissolved organic nitrogen increased in bulk precipitation, throughfall and soil solution at most sites. Nitrate in soil solution declined at sites receiving high nitrogen deposition. Increase in soil dissolved organic carbon was detected - a response to pollution recovery, changes in soil temperature and/or increased microbial activity. An increase of sodium and chloride was evident - a possible result of more frequent storm events at exposed sites. The intensive and integrated nature of monitoring enables the relationships between climate/pollutant exposure and chemical/biological response in forestry to be explored.  相似文献   
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