17β-雌二醇在水体中的分布水平及去除方法研究现状

17β-雌二醇(E2)是一种常见的天然雌激素,普遍存在于各类水体环境,在水环境分布水平已经达到干扰鱼类内分泌系统的水平,被认为是作用最强烈、最具潜在影响的环境内分泌干扰物之一。文章重点介绍了17β-雌二醇在水体环境中的分布水平及去除方法,指出由于传统的污水处理工艺和净水工艺无法将其完全去除,增加深度处理工序已经迫在眉睫。针对E2的特点,现有水处理工艺宜增加能够生成强氧化剂.OH的工序。     

阿替洛尔在硝酸根溶液中的光降解研究

以氙灯为模拟太阳光光源,研究了β阻滞剂阿替洛尔(ATL)在硝酸根溶液中的光解,探讨了硝酸根离子浓度、溶液pH值、碳酸氢根离子浓度和腐殖质浓度对ATL光解的影响.结果表明,ATL在不同浓度硝酸根溶液中的光解反应符合准一级动力学规律,增大硝酸根离子浓度促进了ATL的光降解率,当硝酸根离子浓度由0增至5 mmol.L-1时其速率常数由0.002 26min-1增至0.009 4 min-1;酸性或碱性溶液有利于ATL在硝酸根溶液中的光解,碳酸氢根离子浓度对光解无明显影响,而加入Suwannee富里酸(SRFA)对光解产生抑制作用.采用异丙醇作为羟基自由基分子探针检测到.OH存在于ATL光解过程中.采用SPE-LC-MS方法鉴定了ATL在硝酸根溶液中的主要光解产物,并提出了可能的光解途径.     

β-环糊精衍生物对甲基对硫磷的增溶洗脱和光降解

研究了3种新型β-环糊精衍生物(谷氨酸-β-环糊精、乙二胺-β-环糊精、羧甲基-β-环糊精)对甲基对硫磷的增溶作用、土壤中甲基对硫磷的洗脱作用以及对甲基对硫磷的光降解作用.研究表明,这三种β-环糊精衍生物都能显著地增加甲基对硫磷在水中的溶解度,并且相对增溶倍数与β-环糊精衍生物的浓度成正相关;120g/L的上述3种β-环糊精衍生物溶液中,甲基对硫磷的溶解度比在纯水中分别提高了117.82倍、80.99倍、47.28倍;β-环糊精衍生物能有效洗脱去除土壤中的甲基对硫磷,其中120g/L的谷氨酸-β-环糊精溶液的累积去除率最高,达103.9%,洗脱液浓度是影响洗脱去除率的主要因素;β-环糊精衍生物能促进甲基对硫磷的光降解,在3g/L的谷氨酸-β-环糊精、乙二胺-β-环糊精、羧甲基-β-环糊精溶液中甲基对硫磷光解速率分别为80.26%、91.53%、76.39%。     

磁性Fe_3O_4/石墨烯纳米复合材料催化降解水中17β-雌二醇

利用化学沉淀法制备磁性四氧化三铁/石墨烯(Fe3O4/GE)纳米复合材料,并将其与H2O2构成非均相Fenton体系用于催化降解水中微量的17β-雌二醇(E2),研究了初始p H值,初始H2O2浓度,催化剂用量对E2降解的影响。结果表明,Fe3O4/GE纳米复合材料在无需外加光源的条件下能够有效催化降解E2。在p H 7.0,E2初始浓度为1 mg/L,初始H2O2浓度为15 mmol/L,Fe3O4/GE投加量为15 mg/L的条件下,反应8 h后可去除92.9%的E2。Fe3O4/GE具有便捷的磁分离特性和稳定的催化活性,经过7次循环使用后对E2的降解效率仍保持在91.5%左右。     

β-环糊精接枝羧甲基壳聚糖吸附剂的制备及其性能

采用γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷化学修饰活化后的硅胶,以戊二醛为交联剂,接上羧甲基壳聚糖,继而接枝上β-环糊精作为功能单体,制备了一种用于分离富集水样中Cu(Ⅱ)的固相萃取新材料。利用红外光谱(FT-IR)、比表面分析(BET)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)以及热重分析(TG)等方法对吸附剂进行结构表征。采用火焰原子吸收(FAAS)作为检测手段,考察了溶液p H、振荡时间、吸附剂用量、样品流速、洗脱液浓度和体积等对吸附剂吸附Cu(Ⅱ)的影响。吸附剂饱和吸附容量为9.37 mg/g,最大富集倍数高达350。吸附过程能用准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附方程进行很好的拟合。应用于环境水样中Cu(Ⅱ)的分离富集与测定,回收率在96.8%~105.2%之间,效果较好。     

17β-Estradiol mineralization under field and laboratory incubations

Mineralization studies of natural steroid hormones (e.g., 17β-estradiol, E2) are performed in environmental incubators, usually under a constant temperature such as 20°C. In this paper, we present a microcosm protocol that quantified the mineralization of E2 in soils under field temperatures. The nine agricultural soils tested had a wide range of soil organic carbon (1.1 to 5.2%) and clay (9 to 57%) contents. The calculated time over which half of the applied E2 was mineralized (E2-½) ranged from 299 to 910 d, and total E2 mineralization at 48 d (E2-TOT48) ranged from 4 to 13%. In subsequent laboratory incubations, the same soils were incubated under a constant temperature of 20°C, as well as under cyclic temperatures of 14.5°C (14 h) and 11.5°C (10h), which was within the temperature extremes observed in the field microcosms. E2-½ ranged from 157 to 686 d at 20°C and from 103 to 608 d at the cyclic temperatures, with the E2-TOT48 ranging from 6 to 21% at 20°C and from 7 to 30% under cyclic temperatures. Despite the overall 6.75°C lower mean temperatures under the cyclic versus constant temperatures, E2 mineralization was stimulated by the temperature cycles in three soils. Regardless of the incubation, the same loamy sand soil always showed larger E2 mineralization than the other eight soils and this loamy sand soil also had the smallest E2 sorption. Current modeling approaches do not take into consideration the effects of temperature fluctuations in the field because the input parameters used to describe degradation are derived from laboratory incubations at a constant temperature. Across the eight soils, E2-½ was on average 1.7 times larger and E2-TOT48 was on average 0.8 times smaller under field temperatures than under a constant 20°C. Hence, we conclude that incubations at 20°C give a reasonable representation of E2 mineralization occurring under field conditions to be expected in a typical Prairie summer season.     

Characterization of typical taste and odor compounds formed by Microcystis aeruginosa

Production and characteristics of typical taste and odor (T&O) compounds by Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated. A few terpenoid chemicals, including 2-MIB, β-cyclocitral, and β-ionone, and a few sulfur compounds, such as dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl trisulfide, were detected. β-Cyclocitral and β-carotene concentrations were observed to be relevant to the growth phases of Microcystis. During the stable growth phase, 41-865 fg/cell of β-cyclocitral were found in the laboratory culture. β-Cyclocitral concentrations correlated closely with β-carotene concentrations, with the correlation coefficient R2 = 0.96, as it is formed from the cleavage reaction of β-carotene. For dead cell cases, a high concentration of dimethyl trisulfide was detected at 3.48-6.37 fg/cell. Four T&O compounds, including β-cyclocitral, β-ionone, heptanal and dimethyl trisulfide, were tested and found to be able to inhibit and damage Microcystis cells to varying degrees. Among these chemicals, β-cyclocitral has the strongest ability to quickly rupture cells.     

Evaluation of soil washing process with carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan for recovery of PAHs/heavy metals/fluorine from metallurgic plant site

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)/heavy metals/fluorine(F) mixed-contaminated sites caused by abandoned metallurgic plants are receiving wide attention. To address the associated environmental problems,this study was initiated to investigate the feasibility of using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin(CMCD) and carboxymethyl chitosan(CMC) solution to enhance ex situ soil washing for extracting mixed contaminants. Further,Tenax extraction method was combined with a first-three-compartment model to evaluate the environmental risk of residual PAHs in washed soil. In addition,the redistribution of heavy metals/F after decontamination was also estimated using a sequential extraction procedure. Three successive washing cycles using50 g/L CMCD and 5 g/L CMC solution were effective to remove 94.3% of total PAHs,93.2% of Pb,85.8% of Cd,93.4% of Cr,83.2% of Ni and 97.3% of F simultaneously. After the 3rd washing,the residual PAHs mainly existed as very slowly desorbing fractions,which were in the form of well-aged,well-sequestered compounds; while the remaining Pb,Cd,Cr,Ni and F mainly existed as Fe–Mn oxide and residual fractions,which were always present in stable mineral forms or bound to non-labile soil fractions. Therefore,this combined cleanup strategy proved to be effective and environmentally friendly.     

便携β射线法手工监测PM_(2.5)的可行性研究

提出利用自动射线原理结合重量法的简捷便携特点的便携射线仪手工监测PM2.5的思路,平行比对了便携射线法和手工重量法所测60组PM2.5浓度的监测结果,采用线性回归及T检验、F检验等理论分析了两者数据结果间的有效性和可比性。结果表明,便携式射线仪监测结果与重量法监测结果之间有效可比且得到了两者间的线性回归方程;此外进行了20组数据的实样验证,换算值和真值之间相对误差在8%以内,因而确定了便携射线仪手工监测PM2.5的可行性。     

β-环糊精/醋酸纤维素纳米纤维的制备及对染料废水的处理

制备了不同β-环糊精(β-CD)含量的醋酸纤维素(CA)纳米纤维膜,并对纤维膜的结构形貌、尺寸分布、孔隙率、比表面积以及纤维膜的力学性能进行表征分析。随后研究了不同β-CD含量、初始浓度、吸附时间下,纳米纤维膜对甲基红染料的截留性能和吸附性能。结果表明:过量(≥30%)的β-环糊精会使纳米纤维产生珠节,纤维的形貌和力学性能变差;吸附试验表明,β-CD的加入提高了CA纳米纤维膜对染料的吸附,MR吸附率可达93.48%,最大平衡吸附量可达181.74 mg/g,比纯CA纳米纤维膜提高了将近40%;此外,染料的截留实验表明,纳米纤维膜对染料的截留效果较差,最大截留率为50.35%。