印染废水处理提标小试研究

利用"水解酸化+强化好氧+深度处理"的工艺技术方案开展印染废水小试研究。在工艺前端采用混流式和升流式两级水解酸化池,后续在曝气池投加活性焦载体,提高污泥浓度,强化好氧池处理能力,最后对生化出水加药混凝,并用生物活性焦滤池进行深度处理。结果表明,该处理工艺适宜处理印染废水,处理效果达到处理提标要求。     

蚯蚓生物滤池启动驯化阶段蚯蚓生理生态适应性研究

研究了蚯蚓生物滤池在启动驯化阶段蚯蚓的生理生态状态变化,并分析了相关影响因素.结果表明,由于受到自然环境和滤池环境的胁迫,蚯蚓投加后数量和生物量出现逐渐下降的趋势.一旦条件适宜,幼蚓的孵化可以补充滤池内蚯蚓的数量和生物量.随着温度的升高,周边的蚯蚓逐渐向布水区移动,投加58d后蚯蚓分布较为均匀.蚯蚓密度和含水率之间存在着极显著负相关.温度、日平均降水量和降水强度积分3个自然影响因子对蚯蚓各生态指标的影响均不显著.温度低于15℃时,蚯蚓呼吸率变化较为敏感,出现大幅度下降,不利于蚯蚓代谢处理污水污泥.在一定范围内,采取措施提高滤池内蚯蚓的密度并使蚯蚓分布均匀将提高污泥的处理效率.     

三峡库区巫山段三期蓄水前后水质状况及其变化趋势研究

根据长江巫山段六个断面2005年和2007年枯、平、丰的水质监测结果,通过对培石断面2005年和2007年的对比,可以看出三期蓄水前后长江水质比较稳定,仍为Ⅱ类水质。通过对2005年和2007年培石断面的各实测指标比较分析可以看出DO、CODMn、BOD5、TP指标2007年均出现不同程度的下降,而NH3-N、TN则呈现升高的趋势。但各支流由于受干流回水顶托影响,水环境趋于复杂,部分河段出现水华现象,需引起高度重视。     

A review of selection‐based tests of abiotic surrogates for species representation

Because conservation planners typically lack data on where species occur, environmental surrogates—including geophysical settings and climate types—have been used to prioritize sites within a planning area. We reviewed 622 evaluations of the effectiveness of abiotic surrogates in representing species in 19 study areas. Sites selected using abiotic surrogates represented more species than an equal number of randomly selected sites in 43% of tests (55% for plants) and on average improved on random selection of sites by about 8% (21% for plants). Environmental diversity (ED) (42% median improvement on random selection) and biotically informed clusters showed promising results and merit additional testing. We suggest 4 ways to improve performance of abiotic surrogates. First, analysts should consider a broad spectrum of candidate variables to define surrogates, including rarely used variables related to geographic separation, distance from coast, hydrology, and within‐site abiotic diversity. Second, abiotic surrogates should be defined at fine thematic resolution. Third, sites (the landscape units prioritized within a planning area) should be small enough to ensure that surrogates reflect species’ environments and to produce prioritizations that match the spatial resolution of conservation decisions. Fourth, if species inventories are available for some planning units, planners should define surrogates based on the abiotic variables that most influence species turnover in the planning area. Although species inventories increase the cost of using abiotic surrogates, a modest number of inventories could provide the data needed to select variables and evaluate surrogates. Additional tests of nonclimate abiotic surrogates are needed to evaluate the utility of conserving nature's stage as a strategy for conservation planning in the face of climate change.     

Combining geodiversity with climate and topography to account for threatened species richness

Understanding threatened species diversity is important for long‐term conservation planning. Geodiversity—the diversity of Earth surface materials, forms, and processes—may be a useful biodiversity surrogate for conservation and have conservation value itself. Geodiversity and species richness relationships have been demonstrated; establishing whether geodiversity relates to threatened species’ diversity and distribution pattern is a logical next step for conservation. We used 4 geodiversity variables (rock‐type and soil‐type richness, geomorphological diversity, and hydrological feature diversity) and 4 climatic and topographic variables to model threatened species diversity across 31 of Finland's national parks. We also analyzed rarity‐weighted richness (a measure of site complementarity) of threatened vascular plants, fungi, bryophytes, and all species combined. Our 1‐km² resolution data set included 271 threatened species from 16 major taxa. We modeled threatened species richness (raw and rarity weighted) with boosted regression trees. Climatic variables, especially the annual temperature sum above 5 °C, dominated our models, which is consistent with the critical role of temperature in this boreal environment. Geodiversity added significant explanatory power. High geodiversity values were consistently associated with high threatened species richness across taxa. The combined effect of geodiversity variables was even more pronounced in the rarity‐weighted richness analyses (except for fungi) than in those for species richness. Geodiversity measures correlated most strongly with species richness (raw and rarity weighted) of threatened vascular plants and bryophytes and were weakest for molluscs, lichens, and mammals. Although simple measures of topography improve biodiversity modeling, our results suggest that geodiversity data relating to geology, landforms, and hydrology are also worth including. This reinforces recent arguments that conserving nature's stage is an important principle in conservation.     

Latent effects of early life stage exposure to triclosan on survival in fathead minnows,Pimephales promelas

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of early life stage triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4, dichlorophenoxy)phenol, TCS) exposure on hatching, development, and survival in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Embryonic minnows were exposed to TCS (50 and 100 µg L^?1) for 10 days followed by 6 weeks depuration. Mortality and morphological deformities were recorded and quantified during exposure and at the end of depuration. No significant effects on embryonic survival, time to reach the eyed stage, or hatching were found. However, at the conclusion of the depuration period, survival was significantly reduced in TCS exposed fish depending on the concentration. Visual inspection of the exposed fish suggests that mortality is related to spinal deformities, emaciation, and reduced foraging ability. Triclosan exhibits deleterious effects in fish at lower concentrations over longer durations than previously reported. Further, mortality in exposed fish 6 weeks after exposure demonstrates the need for various exposure assays to evaluate effects of TCS.     

Irrigation Water Allocation Using an Inexact Two‐Stage Quadratic Programming with Fuzzy Input under Climate Change

Agricultural irrigation accounts for nearly 70% of the total water use around the world. Uncertainties and climate change together exacerbate the complexity of optimal allocation of water resources for irrigation. An interval‐fuzzy two‐stage stochastic quadratic programming model is developed for determining the plans for water allocation for irrigation with maximum benefits. The model is shown to be applicable when inputs are expressed as discrete, fuzzy or random. In order to reflect the effect of marginal utility on benefit and cost, the model can also deal with nonlinearities in the objective function. Results from applying the model to a case study in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, China, show schemes for water allocation for irrigation of different crops in every month of the crop growth period under various flow levels are effective for achieving high economic benefits. Different climate change scenarios are used to analyze the impact of changing water requirement and water availability on irrigation water allocation. The proposed model can aid the decision maker in formulating desired irrigation water management policies in the wake of uncertainties and changing environment.     

Using environmental heterogeneity to plan for sea‐level rise

Environmental heterogeneity is increasingly being used to select conservation areas that will provide for future biodiversity under a variety of climate scenarios. This approach, termed conserving nature's stage (CNS), assumes environmental features respond to climate change more slowly than biological communities, but will CNS be effective if the stage were to change as rapidly as the climate? We tested the effectiveness of using CNS to select sites in salt marshes for conservation in coastal Georgia (U.S.A.), where environmental features will change rapidly as sea level rises. We calculated species diversity based on distributions of 7 bird species with a variety of niches in Georgia salt marshes. Environmental heterogeneity was assessed across six landscape gradients (e.g., elevation, salinity, and patch area). We used 2 approaches to select sites with high environmental heterogeneity: site complementarity (environmental diversity [ED]) and local environmental heterogeneity (environmental richness [ER]). Sites selected based on ER predicted present‐day species diversity better than randomly selected sites (up to an 8.1% improvement), were resilient to areal loss from SLR (1.0% average areal loss by 2050 compared with 0.9% loss of randomly selected sites), and provided habitat to a threatened species (0.63 average occupancy compared with 0.6 average occupancy of randomly selected sites). Sites selected based on ED predicted species diversity no better or worse than random and were not resilient to SLR (2.9% average areal loss by 2050). Despite the discrepancy between the 2 approaches, CNS is a viable strategy for conservation site selection in salt marshes because the ER approach was successful. It has potential for application in other coastal areas where SLR will affect environmental features, but its performance may depend on the magnitude of geological changes caused by SLR. Our results indicate that conservation planners that had heretofore excluded low‐lying coasts from CNS planning could include coastal ecosystems in regional conservation strategies.     

炉渣与生物炭施加对稻田温室气体排放及其相关微生物影响

为了减少稻田温室气体排放通量,本研究对稻田土壤进行炉渣和生物炭单一施加和混合施加处理,并测定了早、晚稻拔节期和乳熟期CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量及相关微生物(细菌、真菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌)的数量.结果表明,稻田施加废弃物可以减少温室气体的排放通量.在早、晚稻的拔节期,施加生物炭显著降低了CO_2和N_2O的排放通量(p0.05),混合施加显著降低了CO_2和CH_4的排放通量(p0.05),施加炉渣条件下3种温室气体的排放通量与对照组相比没有差异.施加炉渣或生物炭都显著降低硝化细菌的数量(p0.05),混施处理显著降低细菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌数量(p0.05),但显著提高了稻田土壤真菌/细菌比值(p0.05).在早、晚稻的乳熟期,炉渣、生物炭、混施处理能显著降低CH_4排放通量(p0.05),而生物炭处理显著降低N_2O排放通量(p0.05).炉渣处理显著降低细菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌数量(p0.05),生物炭处理显著降低细菌、反硝化细菌数量(p0.05),混施处理显著降低细菌、硝化细菌数量,并显著提高真菌/细菌比值(p0.05).温室气体排放与微生物数量之间的相关性分析结果表明,CO_2、CH_4排放通量与细菌数量呈显著正相关,与真菌/细菌比值呈显著负相关;而N_2O排放通量则与硝化细菌、反硝化细菌数量呈显著正相关.     

臭氧+曝气生物滤池深度处理工艺试验研究

针对某污水厂出水不达标的情况,本研究采用臭氧(O3)和曝气生物滤池(BAF)组合工艺对其进行深度处理.结果表明,当采用两级臭氧+曝气生物滤池工艺时,出水COD在31～46 mg/L,色度在13～29倍,均达到一级A排放标准.在最佳运行条件下,臭氧氧化使相对分子质量大于50 000的有机物含量减少10％,小于1 000的有机物含量增加14％.曝气生物滤池工艺使相对分子质量小于1 000的有机物含量降低了24％.