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1.
Newton M Cole EC Tinsley IJ 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(7):573-583
Background, aim, and scope Large-scale deforestation is occurring in subarctic North America following clearing by salvage logging or insect attack.
Numerous shrubs, herbs, and deciduous tree species tend to dominate areas on which stands of white spruce have grown. In the
absence of economically advantageous mechanical methods, several herbicides have value in efforts to reforest by planting
white spruce. Glyphosate, imazapyr, triclopyr, and hexazinone are all capable of selectively removing many competing species,
but there is concern about whether they would degrade naturally or persist owing to the frigid climate.
Materials and methods We established test plots with all four herbicides in upland and river bottom sites at 65°N and 58°N latitudes. The northern
site has extremely cold winters, with soils that freeze to a depth of 1–2 m, and precipitation of 275 mm/year. The southern
site has heavy rain and snowfall, amounting to 2,250 mm/year evenly distributed. Soil seldom freezes deeply. On each test
plot, one of the four herbicides was applied at twice the normal operational use rate to facilitate detection. They were applied
at the normal timing, with hexazinone, imazapyr, and triclopyr applied in June and glyphosate applied in fall. Soils were
sampled immediately after treatment and those samples used as references for dissipation data gathered over the next 11–14 months
from soil 0- to 15- and 15- to 45-cm depths.
Results Dissipation rates did not follow first-order rates because freezing conditions slowed most microbial activity. All products
dissipated to close to or below detection limits within the time of the study. Dissipation from vegetation was substantially
more rapid and depended on the nature of the plants treated as well as the product used. While soil residues dissipated more
slowly than in temperate regions, they did display consistent dissipation patterns during above-freezing conditions and also
the influence of microbial activity. Mobility was very limited with all products but hexazinone.
Discussion These products dissipate during summer in high latitudes much as they would in temperate climates. Winter changes are small,
but are not unlike some changes reported elsewhere under freezing conditions. Unlike many other studies, soil water did not
influence dissipation heavily, but the high latitude and semi-arid climate also did not create severely droughty soils. Residues
in plants were much higher than those in soils, but denatured the vegetation quickly, leading to unsuitability for forage
in any case.
Conclusions Low toxicity of these products and their metabolites combined with consistent dissipation and low mobility suggest that toxic
hazard of their use at high latitudes need not be a matter of serious concern to humans, terrestrial wildlife, or aquatic
systems. They are safe for use in management and rehabilitation of boreal forests when used properly.
Recommendations and perspectives Dissipation at rates approaching those in warmer climates offer a hypothesis that microflora native to high latitudes may
be adapted to destruction of such molecules at lower temperatures than may be indicated by experiments with microflora adapted
to warmer climates. Residues pose no observable risk to wildlife or humans in the area of use when products are applied properly.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available for authorized users. 相似文献
2.
A.J. Karabelas K.V. Plakas E.S. Solomou V. Drossou D.A. Sarigiannis 《Environment international》2009,35(7):1096-1107
The very significant impact of European legislation (Directive 91/414/EEC) on the authorization of plant protection products is reviewed herein, which has resulted in withdrawal of 704 active substances (AS) out of 889 assessed so far. The list of currently approved 276 AS includes 194 AS “existing” in the market before 1993 and 82 “new” AS introduced during the last 15 years. Results of toxicity characterization of the approved AS are also summarized, utilizing several well-known databases. Although significant data gaps exist for a rather large part of the approved AS, it is found that 84 AS are positive for at least one health effect (after chronic and/or acute exposure) including carcinogenicity, reproductive and neuro-developmental disorders, as well as endocrine disruption. The toxicity characterization results of this study are compared to those of recent assessments by other organizations (KemI, the Swedish Chemicals Agency, and the Pesticide Safety Directorate of the UK), where interpretation and use is made of AS “cut-off” criteria foreseen in new EU legislation. These studies report a comparatively smaller AS number with positive toxicity characterization. The possibility of some additional AS withdrawal in the near future, combined with the rather small rate of new AS introduction (approx. 5 per year) suggest that the list of approved AS over the next 10–15 years may not change very drastically. Consideration of the above trends is necessary and instructive in evaluating results of existing health impact assessment (HIA) studies, as well as in planning new ones. Due to the very drastic change in the number and type of marketed AS, that took place within the past 8–9 years, it is suggested that new HIA studies (based on epidemiological data after year 2000) should focus on a rather short time frame and, therefore, on appropriate cohort groups, e.g. young children. For the same reason, results of epidemiological studies of the past (involving banned AS) should be carefully interpreted and used with caution. 相似文献
3.
Laurence Gourcy Nicole Baran Benoit Vittecoq 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2009,108(3-4):107-117
Numerous successful examples of CFC and SF6 groundwater dating applications were recently published. However the proposed CFC/SF6 method needs various hydrodynamic parameters that are not always available. In order to predict groundwater-quality trends in areas where the hydrogeological context is poorly known, a dating method using tritium, CFC and SF6 was successfully implemented in Martinique. Hydrogeological understanding is limited in this volcanic island where groundwater contamination by pesticides and nitrate has been recently proven in various areas. A negative correlation was observed between nitrate concentrations and groundwater ages while pesticide contamination showed a more complex schema. Consequently the presence of old groundwater clearly explained the absence or low pesticide and nitrate concentrations in some areas. However a possible degradation of the water quality is to be feared in the future. In view of the relatively long transfer times and the complexity of the remobilization processes of solutes, the expected effects of any modifications in the use of fertilizers, or of changes in pesticide-use legislation, would take a long time to become apparent. 相似文献
4.
The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was calibrated for hydrology conditions in an agricultural watershed of Orestimba Creek, California, and applied to simulate fate and transport of two organophosphate pesticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The model showed capability in evaluating pesticide fate and transport processes in agricultural fields and instream network. Management-oriented sensitivity analysis was conducted by applied stochastic SWAT simulations for pesticide distribution. Results of sensitivity analysis identified the governing processes in pesticide outputs as surface runoff, soil erosion, and sedimentation in the study area. By incorporating sensitive parameters in pesticide transport simulation, effects of structural best management practices (BMPs) in improving surface water quality were demonstrated by SWAT modeling. This study also recommends conservation practices designed to reduce field yield and in-stream transport capacity of sediment, such as filter strip, grassed waterway, crop residue management, and tailwater pond to be implemented in the Orestimba Creek watershed. 相似文献
5.
Reiner Schroll Sabine Grundmann Ulrike Dörfler Bernhard Ruth Jean Charles Munch 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(2):209-216
Several lysimeter scenarios and approaches exist to study the fate of agro-chemicals or contaminants from deposition in soil
columns. In many systems just transport and leaching of the parent compound is followed, in some systems the leaching and
transport of the metabolites is investigated as well. In more sophisticated lysimeter systems the volatilization and also
the mineralization of the applied chemicals can be additionally monitored. Depending on the lysimeter system used and on the
fact whether the applied chemicals are 14C-labeled or not, different results and various interpretations of the results might be achieved. Different lysimeter systems
are described in this paper and a real dataset of a specific lysimeter experiment was transferred and evaluated in a virtual
approach in the different lysimeter systems in order to show the advantages and disadvantages of the various systems. 相似文献
6.
对常州某农药生产场地土壤中挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染状况以及健康风险和生态风险进行了调查评价。结果表明,该场地土壤中挥发性有机物污染以苯系物和卤代烃为主。苯系物质量浓度为0~56.6 mg/kg,卤代烃质量浓度为0~1.14 mg/kg。健康风险评价结果均在可接受范围内,而生态风险评价显示生产车间内的土壤VOCs生态风险较大,存在着对生物的危害。 相似文献
7.
Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć Elżbieta Wołejko Urszula Wydro Andrzej Butarewicz 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2017,52(7):483-494
Pesticides cause serious environmental and health problems both to humans and animals. The aim of this review is to discuss selected herbicides and fungicides regarding their mode of action and their influence on basic oxidative stress parameters and endocrine disruption properties tested in selected cell cultures in vitro. Because of numerous difficulties which animal studies are subject to, cell cultures are an excellent experimental model reflecting human exposure to different pesticides through all relevant routes. This experimental model can be used to monitor aggregate and cumulative pesticide exposures. 相似文献
8.
Joseph Sherma 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):429-440
Applications of thin layer chromatography and high performance thin layer chromatography for the separation, detection, and qualitative and quantitative determination of pesticides, other agrochemicals, and related compounds are reviewed for the period from July 1, 2004 to November 1, 2006. Analyses are covered for a variety of samples, such as food, crops, biological, environmental, pharmaceuticals, and formulations, and for residues of pesticides of various types, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, belonging to different chemical classes. In addition to references on residue analysis, studies such as pesticide-structure relationships, metabolism, degradation, and lipophilicity are covered, many of which make use of thin layer radiochromatography. 相似文献
9.
We assessed the aqueous toxicity mitigation capacity of a hydrologically managed floodplain wetland following a synthetic runoff event amended with a mixture of sediments, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), and pesticides (atrazine, S-metolachlor, and permethrin) using 48-h Hyalella azteca survival and phytoplankton pigment, chlorophyll a. The runoff event simulated a 1 h, 1.27 cm rainfall event from a 16 ha agricultural field. Water (1 L) was collected every 30 min within the first 4 h, every 4 h until 48 h, and on days 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-amendment at distances of 0, 10, 40, 300 and 500 m from the amendment point for chlorophyll a, suspended sediment, nutrient, and pesticide analyses. H. azteca 48-h laboratory survival was assessed in water collected at each site at 0, 4, 24, 48 h, 5 d and 7 d. Greatest sediment, nutrient, and pesticide concentrations occurred within 3 h of amendment at 0 m, 10 m, 40 m, and 300 m downstream. Sediments and nutrients showed little variation at 500 m whereas pesticides peaked within 48 h but at <15% of upstream peak concentrations. After 28 d, all mixture components were near or below pre-amendment concentrations. H. azteca survival significantly decreased within 48 h of amendment up to 300 m in association with permethrin concentrations. Chlorophyll a decreased within the first 24 h of amendment up to 40 m primarily in conjunction with herbicide concentrations. Variations in chlorophyll a at 300 and 500 m were associated with nutrients. Managed floodplain wetlands can rapidly and effectively trap and process agricultural runoff during moderate rainfall events, mitigating impacts to aquatic invertebrates and algae in receiving aquatic systems. 相似文献
10.
We evaluated the exposure to pesticides from the consumption of passion fruits and subsequent human health risks by combining several methods: (i) experimental field studies including the determination of pesticide residues in/on passion fruits, (ii) dynamic plant uptake modelling, and (iii) human health risk assessment concepts. Eight commonly used pesticides were applied onto passion fruits cultivated in Colombia. Pesticide concentrations were measured periodically (between application and harvest) in whole fruits and fruit pulp. Measured concentrations were compared with predicted residues calculated with a dynamic and crop-specific pesticide uptake model, namely dynamiCROP. The model accounts for the time between pesticide application and harvest, the time between harvest and consumption, the amount of spray deposition on plant surfaces, uptake processes, dilution due to crop growth, degradation in plant components, and reduction due to food processing (peeling). Measured and modelled residues correspond well (r2 = 0.88-0.99), with all predictions falling within the 90% confidence interval of the measured values. A mean error of 43% over all studied pesticides was observed between model estimates and measurements. The fraction of pesticide applied during cultivation that is eventually ingested by humans is on average 10−4-10−6, depending on the time period between application and ingestion and the processing step considered. Model calculations and intake fractions via fruit consumption based on experimental data corresponded well for all pesticides with a deviation of less than a factor of 2. Pesticide residues in fruits measured at recommended harvest dates were all below European Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and therefore do not indicate any violation of international regulatory thresholds. 相似文献