Factors affecting the quantitative uncertainty of the estimated short-term intake. Part I—Calculation methods

ABSTRACT

The calculation of the combined uncertainty of the international estimated short-term intake (IESTI) of ethephon residues in apples is shown as an example. The ethephon residues in apples were reported by the Joint FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)/WHO (World Health Organization) Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR). The apple consumption data were taken from the IESTI (international short-term intake) calculation template used by the JMPR. The IESTI was calculated with the currently used method (case 2a) and a proposed one recommended by the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)/RIVM (Dutch National Institute for Public Health) Scientific Workshop co-sponsored by FAO and WHO. In this example, the ratio of IESTI_proposed/IESTI_current and their combined relative uncertainty are about 2.8, and 1.7, respectively. The larger IESTI and uncertainty obtained with the proposed equation are the consequence of calculation only with the large portion (LP) instead of its combination with unit mass, and the MRL instead of the highest residue (HR). The LP is the major contributor to the combined uncertainty. Both the calculated IESTI and its combined uncertainty depend on the actual food – pesticide residue combination, and should be calculated for each case.     

An LC-MS/MS method for creatine and creatinine analysis in paraquat-intoxicated patients

Abstract

A sudden increase in serum creatinine after paraquat intoxication has been reported in several clinical studies. However, this dramatic change of creatinine may be possibly due to an interconversion of creatine-creatinine in relation to paraquat toxicity. In order to investigate the creatine-creatinine relationship, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in combination with electrospray ionization was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of creatine and creatinine in the serum. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Gemini® C₆-Phenyl column with a gradient elution consisting of 0.1% formic acid in ultrapure water and methanol as the mobile phase. The method yielded suitable levels of specificity and selectivity, and calibration curves of creatine and creatinine in serum were linear over the concentration range of 0.5–200?µg mL^?1. The limit of quantification of both compounds was 0.5?µg mL^?1, and the method was accurate within the recovery range of 96.23–102.75%, indicating the robustness of the method. The method was successfully applied to toxicological samples from paraquat-intoxicated patients, and the concentrations of creatine and creatinine were quantified. High creatine concentrations in serum samples were observed which may lead to high serum creatinine despite normal kidney function as creatine is converted to creatinine in proportion to its concentration.     

氯代苯胺对斑马鱼的急性毒性的电性拓扑研究

基于拓扑理论计算了7种氯代苯胺分子的Kier和Hall的原子类型电性拓扑状态指数(E)f。通过多元线性回归和最佳变量子集回归方法建立了氯代苯胺对斑马鱼急性毒性(pLC5)0与其电性拓扑状态指数的最佳二元定量构效关系(QSAR)模型,其传统判定系数(R)2为0.978,逐一剔除法(LOO)的交互验证系数(Q)2为0.964。根据统计学观点,该模型具有良好的稳健性及预测能力,用该模型给出的估算值和实验值非常接近,优于相关文献的计算结果。从进入该QSAR模型的2个电性拓扑状态指数(E9,E2)6可见,所建的数学方程显示芳环内=C<及硝基中氮原子(=N≤)是影响其pLC50的主要结构因素。     

稀土钇对蚯蚓的急性毒性及蚓体内蓄积研究

文章以蚯蚓为指示生物,分别采用滤纸接触法和自然土壤法研究了稀土元素钇对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应。结果表明,滤纸接触法测得钇对蚯蚓的半数致死浓度LC50为0.18 g/L;土壤法所测LC50值为1.08 g/kg。可见,稀土钇对蚯蚓具有毒性作用,但属低毒级,并且自然土壤法中蚯蚓的半数致死浓度要低于滤纸接触法中的结果。应用ICP-AES分别研究了2种实验方法中钇在蚯蚓体内的富集情况,发现硝酸钇浓度及染毒时间、蚯蚓的死亡率及速度和钇在蚯蚓体内的富集三者存在显著的相关性。     

氟虫腈对斑马鱼和小菜蛾毒性的手性选择性研究

手性农药分子的不同对映体在环境中的降解速率和对于生物的毒性可能存在很大的差异,因此拆分并使用对靶标生物毒性较高或对非靶标生物毒性较低的单一或浓缩的对映体配方可以有效地降低杀虫剂的环境风险.本文用手性柱拆分了一种广泛使用的手性农药,氟虫腈的两种对映体,研究了这两种对映体和消旋体对靶标生物小菜蛾和非靶标生物斑马鱼的急性毒性.结果表明氟虫腈对受试靶标和非靶标生物的毒性均无手性选择性,说明无法通过对氟虫腈进行手性拆分并使用单一对映体配方来降低氟虫腈的环境风险.这一结论间接支持了农业部新近出台的禁止氟虫腈用于防治农田害虫的政策.     

有机毒害物急性毒性与藻红外辐射变化研究

基于微生物检测毒害物质的重要性和选材困难对其检测技术发展的制约,开展了有机毒害物急性毒性与藻红外辐射变化研究。试验使用便携式红外测温仪测试一定量藻液中分别加入不同种有机药剂前后的温度变化。结果表明,8种藻对10种有机毒害物毒性可产生红外辐射变化的快速响应,平均最大温差的平均值为0.15℃,平均响应时间为4.4min;羊角月牙藻最大响应温差为0.27℃,响应相对明显,为8种藻中的毒性响应敏感藻。不同浓度有机药剂分别与敏感藻进行试验,明确敏感藻可检测出的最低药剂浓度,结果表明:同类毒害物质的响应灵敏度与发光细菌相同。     

水环境中苯氯乙酮的环境安全阈值

研究了苯氯乙酮(CN)对大白鼠灌胃亚慢性毒性试验和对藻类急性毒性试验,分别获得了苯氯乙酮对大白鼠最小有伤害剂量为2.032mg·kg-1,最大无伤害作用剂量为0.812 mg·kg-1,对藻类半数生长抑制浓度(96 h EC50)为0.360 mg·L-1,并运用EPA水环境质量基准方法及欧盟风险评价技术指南的相关方法,推算出水环境中CN的环境安全阈值为0 36 μg·L-1.     

Assessment of locomotion behavioral defects induced by acute toxicity from heavy metal exposure in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Locomotion behaviors are susceptible to disruption by a broad spectrum of chemicals and environmental stresses. However, no systematic testing of locomotion behavior defects induced by metal exposure has been conducted in the model organism of nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In this study, the acute toxicity from heavy metal exposure on the locomotion behaviors was analyzed in nematodes. Endpoints of head thrash, body bend, forward turn, backward turn, and Omega/U turn were chosen to evaluate the locomotio...     

咪唑型离子液体对小鼠的急性毒性

采用寇氏改良法研究了咪唑型离子液体对小鼠的急性毒性,并考察了烷基侧链长度对其毒性的影响,同时采用HE染色法观察了其对小鼠肝脏的毒性.结果表明,4种咪唑型离子液体([C10mim]Br、[C12mim]Br、[C14mim]Br和[C18mim]Br)对小鼠肝脏均有损伤,其LD50值在98.91～220.16 mg·kg...     

大型溞母溞暴露于氨氮所产子代对氨氮毒性的耐受性

采用大型溞(Daphnia magna)作为受试生物,在测定了氨氮对大型溞的急慢性毒性效应的基础上,进一步研究了在慢性毒性试验中暴露于氨氮环境下的母溞所产子代对氨氮的毒性响应.急性毒性试验结果表明,氨氮对大型溞的24 h和48 h的LC50分别为165.97和69.54 mg/L.21 d慢性试验结果表明:大型溞的生长指标——脱皮数是对氨氮最为敏感的毒性参数;其慢性毒性下限值(LCL)和慢性毒性上限值(UCL)分别为1.88和3.75 mg/L;据此计算出的慢性毒性值(CHV)为2.66 mg/L,急慢性比(ACR)为26.14.在慢性试验中,暴露于毒物的母体所产的子代幼溞,与对照组相比,其48 h LC50都有所增大(增幅为13.7%～56.2%),说明对毒物的适应性有所增强.