A strategy for wildlife management in depopulating rural areas of Japan

Former ranges of wild animals have been reestablished in many developed countries. However, this reestablishment has led to increasing human–wildlife conflict in agroforest ecosystems. In Japan, human–wildlife conflict, such as crop raiding by and ecological impacts of wild ungulates and primates, is a serious problem in depopulated rural areas due to these animal range expansions and increased abundances. Japan's human population is predicted to decline by 24% by 2050, and approximately 20% of agricultural settlements will become completely depopulated. In this scenario, anthropogenic pressures on wildlife (e.g., hunting and habitat alteration) will continue to decrease and human–wildlife conflict will increase due to increasing wildlife recovery. Japan's local governments plan to slow range recovery, prevent species reestablishment, or remove recolonizing large mammals through lethal control. This strategy, however, is not cost-effective, and workforce shortages in depopulated communities make it infeasible. Moreover, the suppression of wildlife prevents the recovery of ecological functions and thus would degrade regional biodiversity. The declining pressure on wildlife that accompanies human depopulation will prevent the restoration of any past states of human–wildlife interaction. We suggest human-used areas in rural landscapes be aggregated in compact cities and that in transition zones between human settlements and depopulated lands that land-sharing approaches be applied. Concentrating management efforts in compact cities may effectively decrease human–wildlife conflict, rather than intensifying human pressures. Reforestation of depopulated lands may lead to recovery of wildlife habitats, their ecosystem functions, and regional biodiversity due to minimization of negative anthropogenic effects (land-sparing approach). Balancing resolution of human–wildlife conflict and ecological rewilding could become a new, challenging task for regional wildlife managers.     

Factors affecting the quantitative uncertainty of the estimated short-term intake. Part I—Calculation methods

ABSTRACT

The calculation of the combined uncertainty of the international estimated short-term intake (IESTI) of ethephon residues in apples is shown as an example. The ethephon residues in apples were reported by the Joint FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)/WHO (World Health Organization) Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR). The apple consumption data were taken from the IESTI (international short-term intake) calculation template used by the JMPR. The IESTI was calculated with the currently used method (case 2a) and a proposed one recommended by the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)/RIVM (Dutch National Institute for Public Health) Scientific Workshop co-sponsored by FAO and WHO. In this example, the ratio of IESTI_proposed/IESTI_current and their combined relative uncertainty are about 2.8, and 1.7, respectively. The larger IESTI and uncertainty obtained with the proposed equation are the consequence of calculation only with the large portion (LP) instead of its combination with unit mass, and the MRL instead of the highest residue (HR). The LP is the major contributor to the combined uncertainty. Both the calculated IESTI and its combined uncertainty depend on the actual food – pesticide residue combination, and should be calculated for each case.     

Designing a policy package for the promotion of servicising: A case study of vineyard crop protection in Galicia (Spain)

The servicising approach in vineyard protection is considered a valid alternative to achieve decoupling between the economic and environmental performance of viticulture. In this paper, a policy package is designed to promote the uptake of a servicised model of vineyard protection in an area of smallholding viticulture. In doing so, a specific methodology based on a step by step protocol has been followed that aims to come up with a package that is effective, implementable and socially as well as politically acceptable. The paper concludes on the importance of combining several policy instruments in a policy package to realise the political objective. The proposed viable policy package includes incentives that support the companies’ shift towards offering crop protection solutions, further development of IPM solutions and instruments that encourage farmers to reduce the use of pesticides and collectively hire crop protection services.     

滨海滩涂不同围垦年代垦区农作物重金属累积特征及其与氮、磷的关系

为探明滨海滩涂围垦区农作物重金属累积特征及其与围垦年代、作物氮磷含量及化学计量比的关系,采集盐城地区不同围垦年代(围垦20、30、40、60年)农田4种主要作物(大麦、小麦、油菜、蚕豆)样品63个,测定了其根、茎叶和籽粒中Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、As及全氮(N)、全磷(P)和粗蛋白(CP)含量,分析了重金属累积特征及与围垦年代、N、P、CP及N/P比的关系,并采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对重金属污染程度和安全水平进行了评价。结果表明,1)围垦农田作物整株各指标含量分别为Cd (0.52±0.94)、Cu (12.98±16.00)、Zn (34.93±27.91)、Pb (3.50±5.88)、Hg (0.0063±0.0063)、As (1.94±3.72) mg·kg~(-1)及N(13.69±8.27)、P (5.98±2.24)、CP (79.55±49.54) g·kg~(-1);籽粒中则分别为(0.0059±0.020)、(1.83±1.48)、(11.13±4.45)、(0.09±0.30)、(0.0023±0.0036)、(0.0021±0.0048) mg·kg~(-1)及(19.21±7.68)、(6.04±1.64)、(111.78±47.81) g·kg~(-1); 2)作物重金属均表现为根茎叶籽粒,N和CP与之相反,表现为根茎叶籽粒,而P则表现为根籽粒茎叶; 3)不同围垦年代之间作物重金属、N、P、CP含量、N/P比及综合污染指数(Pz)均没有显著差异(P0.05); 4)各作物籽粒6种重金属单因子污染指数均值均小于1,除个别样品Pb超标(超标率11%)外,其他重金属均未超标; 5)作物籽粒重金属Pz均值为0.38,表明该地区作物重金属总体处于安全级,但大麦、小麦、油菜籽粒均有样品Pb含量超过警戒线,个别样品甚至达到重度污染水平; 6)作物整株各重金属之间、重金属与P之间均存在显著正相关(P0.01),而重金属与N、CP、N/P存在显著负相关(P0.01),在籽粒中则相关性均不显著(P0.05)。以上结果显示,盐城滨海滩涂围垦区作物重金属累积与围垦时间关系不大,其含量目前尚处于可接受范围内,但Pb污染值得关注,作物重金属与P之间存在一定的相互促进作用,而与N存在一定的拮抗作用,高氮低磷的机体养分状况有助于降低重金属含量。     

无上部抽吸装置储罐区人工龙卷风风场模拟

为了减少因储罐泄漏位置不确定造成的人员伤亡,指导应急疏散,提出利用人工龙卷风定向控制气体流动方向的模型。首先基于Fluent软件建立了储罐区域人工龙卷风数值模型,分析切向速度和压强沿径向变化规律,发现与经典Rankine涡模型切向速度沿径向分布规律一致,证实可在储罐区以射流相切的方式形成人工龙卷风风场。其次研究了涡流比和进风量对风场控制气流特性的影响,即分析形成的龙卷风风场最大切向速度、压强差变化规律,结果表明,涡流比越大,形成的龙卷风风场中切向速度和压强差越小,即气流向中心汇聚能力越弱;进风量越大,形成的龙卷风风场中切向速度和压强差越大,即气流向中心汇聚能力越强。研究表明,用人工龙卷风控制储罐泄漏气流方向是可行的。     

甘肃省陇东塬区土壤及农作物中微量元素的分布特征

通过测定甘肃省陇东塬区马岭、西峰和华庆油田区土壤以及小麦、苹果、油菜中Cu、Ni、Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn等6种微量金属元素质量分数,研究塬区土壤中微量元素的空间分布特征及其在植物体内的转移、富集能力.结果表明:塬区土壤中w(Zn)明显高于其他5种元素,其平均值达111.64 mg/kg;w(Cd)最小,在1.64～3.38 mg/kg之间;其余4种元素(Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu)质量分数在20～70 mg/kg之间.当地主要农作物对土壤中微量元素的富集系数均小于1,富集能力一般,其中根部的富集能力相对较大,地上部位均较小.     

Size distributions of aerosol and water-soluble ions in Nanjing during a crop residual burning event

To investigate the impact on urban air pollution by crop residual burning outside Nanjing, aerosol concentration, pollution gas concentration, mass concentration, and water-soluble ion size distribution were observed during one event of November 4-9, 2010. Results show that the size distribution of aerosol concentration is bimodal on pollution days and normal days, with peak values at 60-70 and 200-300 nm, respectively. Aerosol concentration is 10⁴ cm^-3. nm^-1 on pollution days. The peak value of spectrum distribution of aerosol concentration on pollution days is 1.5-3.3 times higher than that on a normal day. Crop residual burning has a great impact on the concentration of fine particles. Diurnal variation of aerosol concentration is trimodal on pollution days and normal days, with peak values at 03:00, 09:00 and 19:00 local standard time. The first peak is impacted by meteorological elements, while the second and third peaks are due to human activities, such as rush hour traffic. Crop residual burning has the greatest impact on SO₂ concentration, followed by NO₂, O₃ is hardly affected. The impact of crop residual burning on fine particles (< 2.1 μm) is larger than on coarse particles (> 2.1 μm), thus ion concentration in fine particles is higher than that in coarse particles. Crop residual burning leads to similar increase in all ion components, thus it has a small impact on the water-soluble ions order. Crop residual burning has a strong impact on the size distribution of K⁺, Cl^-, Na⁺, and F^- and has a weak impact on the size distributions of NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-.     

袋式除尘器进气均布板结构参数对气流分布的影响分析

针对袋式除尘器的进气均布板主要结构参数对气流分布影响的问题,采用正交试验方法进行CFD模拟试验设计,并以气流速度相对均方根σ值作为气流均匀性的评价指标。研究结果给出了σ与板数n、板长L、挡板上端距灰斗顶部截面高度ΔH、挡板前后偏角θ及过滤风速v之间的函数关系式。表明适当增加n、增大ΔH和θ、减小L、降低v,可以提高进气流分布均匀程度,影响进气均匀分布程度的排序为L>θ>n>ΔH>ΔL。     

我国主要蔬菜和粮油作物的砷含量与砷富集能力比较

根据国内外文献报道,对蔬菜和粮油作物中砷的累积特点和富集能力进行总结和分析.结果表明.清洁区和污染区蔬菜的砷含量变幅分别为0.001-1.07 mg·kg-1和0.001-8.51 mg·kg-1(鲜重),均值分别为0.035 mg·kg-1和0.068 mg·kg-1不同种类蔬菜的砷含量由大到小,依次为:叶菜类>根茎类>茄果类>鲜豆类;清洁区和污染区粮油作物的砷含量变幅分别为0.001-2.20 mg·kg-1和0.007-6.83 mg·kg-1(干重),均值分别为0.081 mg·kg-1和0.294 mg·kg-1,其中水稻的砷含量显著高于小麦和玉米.从富集系数来看,叶莱类蔬菜的砷富集系数最高,芹菜、蕹菜、茼蒿、芥菜等蔬菜的抗砷污染能力较弱.粮食作物玉米的抗砷污染能力较强.与蔬菜砷限量标准(GB4810-1994)相比,我国砷污染区的蔬菜中有32.2%的样本砷含量超标,其中叶菜类和根茎类的超标率分别为47.9%和12.8%.与粮食砷限量标准(GB4810-1994)比较,我国污染区粮油作物的样本砷超标率为34.8%,其中水稻的超标率高达42.9%.玉米和小麦的超标率均高于20%.     

典型电子垃圾拆解区居民多卤代芳烃的膳食暴露及其癌症风险评估

收集浙江典型电子垃圾拆解区和对照区的饮用水、蔬菜、豆类、米饭、鸡蛋、鱼、鸡肉和猪肉等8类食物样品共191个;采用GC/MS 5975B分析样品中23种PBBs,12种PBDEs和27种PCBs;评估当地居民的PHAHs膳食暴露现状及其癌症风险.结果表明,拆解区居民这三大类PHAHs的平均日摄入量是对照区的2~3倍,通过米饭摄入PHAHs的量占当地居民PHAHs总摄入量的48%以上.拆解区居民因食物摄入PHAHs的癌症风险(3.81×10-4)是对照区(1.50×10-4)的2倍多,其中二英类PCBs的风险值占总癌症风险的45%以上.通过米饭摄入PHAHs是主要的暴露途径,二英类PCBs是引起癌症风险的主要贡献因子,电子垃圾拆解释放出的PHAHs通过食物摄入进入居民体内引起的癌症风险要明显高于对照区.