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1.
抗生素对微生物的联合与低剂量毒性研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
目前抗生素已成为一类不可忽视的环境污染物,它在环境中呈"混合-持久-低剂量"的暴露特征。因此,研究抗生素毒性效应,特别是它的联合毒性以及低剂量下毒性兴奋效应,对抗生素污染物生态风险的评价极其重要。以抗生素联合毒性的研究进展为主线,重点概述了抗生素二元混合物的急性和慢性联合毒性研究,指出了抗生素混合物间存在相互作用,它们的联合毒性并非表现为简单的加和或独立效应,且抗生素急性-慢性联合表现出的毒性效应也存在差异;发现了不仅单一抗生素具有Hormesis效应,低剂量抗生素二元混合物也具有Hormesis作用。但目前低剂量抗生素二元混合物对微生物的毒性兴奋效应研究较少,其毒性兴奋效应的预测和评价还有待进一步完善,以期为环境中抗生素的联合生态研究和风险评价提供理论依据。  相似文献   
2.
Secondary pest outbreak is a counterintuitive ecological backlash of pesticide use in agriculture that takes place with the increase in abundance of a non-targeted pest species after pesticide application against a targeted pest species. Although the phenomenon was well recognized, its alternative causes are seldom considered. Outbreaks of the southern red mite Oligonychus ilicis are frequently reported in Brazilian coffee farms after the application of pyrethroid insecticides against the coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella. Selectivity favoring the red mite against its main predatory mites is generally assumed as the outbreak cause, but this theory has never been tested. Here, we assessed the toxicity (and thus the selectivity) of deltamethrin against both mite species: the southern red mite and its phytoseid predator Amblyseius herbicolus. Additionally, behavioral avoidance and deltamethrin-induced hormesis were also tested as potential causes of red mite outbreak using free-choice behavioral walking bioassays with the predatory mite and life-table experiments with both mite species, respectively. Lethal toxicity bioassays indicated that the predatory mite was slightly more susceptible than its prey (1.5×), but in more robust demographic bioassays, the predator was three times more tolerant to deltamethrin than its prey, indicating that predator susceptibility to deltamethrin is not a cause of the reported outbreaks. The predator did not exhibit behavioral avoidance to deltamethrin; however insecticide-induced hormesis in the red mite led to its high population increase under low doses, which was not observed for the predatory mite. Therefore, deltamethrin-induced hormesis is a likely cause of the reported red mite outbreaks.  相似文献   
3.
设置0、0.001、0.01、0.1、l和10mg·L-16个质量浓度梯度,测定了草甘膦异丙胺盐(Glyphosate—isopropylammonium)农药对球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)生长、叶绿素a含量、SOD和CAT活性的影响,探讨了有机磷农药对球形棕囊藻的毒物刺激效应。结果表明,低浓度的草甘膦异丙胺盐对球形棕囊藻的生长呈现出刺激效应。在实验所设定的6个质量浓度梯度范围内,0.001mg·L0和0.01mg·L-1质量浓度处理下的刺激效应最为显著。该两个质量浓度处理下,球形棕囊藻的平均相对增长率比对照分别提高了1.27%和0.45%,叶绿素a含量分别比对照提高了9.2%和2.5%,SOD活性提高了5.9%和7.2%,CAT活性提高了93%和155%;而当草甘膦异丙胺盐质量浓度在0.1mg·L-1以上时,球形棕囊藻的生长率、叶绿素a含量、SOD活性均显著低于对照。草甘膦异丙胺盐在0.001mg·L-1和0.01mg·L-1范围内对球形棕囊藻均呈现刺激效应,而高于0.1mg·L-1时球形棕囊藻各生理指标表现出显著抑制效应。研究结果为了解有机磷农药对海洋微藻生长的影响特征,揭示有机磷农药对微藻产生低促高抑的规律和为深入探索赤潮暴发的成因提供依据。  相似文献   
4.
许多研究在使用评价模型进行混合物联合作用模式判别时发现,混合污染物的评价模型曲线和浓度效应曲线之间存在交叉的现象,表现为联合作用模式随混合物浓度发生变化。虽然交叉现象不断被报道出来,但是该现象形成机制的研究却非常欠缺。本文系统分析了文献中出现的交叉现象,探讨了交叉现象可能的形成原因和机制,提出了化合物的hormesis效应是导致交叉现象的关键因素:混合组分中某些化合物在低浓度时会对受试生物的某些蛋白、基因等的表达量产生刺激作用,影响其他化合物对机体产生的效应,从而改变混合组分的联合作用模式。该研究不仅为交叉现象形成机制的进一步探索提供了理论依据,还为混合物的生态毒理评估和环境风险评价提供理论指导。  相似文献   
5.
Combined chemical analyses and biological measurements were utilized to investigate potential toxicological effects and possible mechanisms involved in risk assessment of rare earth elements (REEs) on Vicia faba L. seedlings, which were hydroponically cultivated and exposed to various concentrations of lanthanum (La) for 15 days. The results showed that La contents in both the solution and roots increased with the increase of extraneous La, contributing to hormetic dose responses of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and endoprotease (EP) isozymes activities, and HSP 70 production enhanced at low doses but suppressed at higher doses of La. These physiological responses constituted antioxidant and detoxification systems against La-induced oxidative stress. The elevated La levels also contributed to oxidatively modified proteins, which were most responsible for subsequent cell death and growth retardation of the roots. By combination of hormetic and traditional threshold dose levels, the threshold dose range was deduced to be 108-195 μg La/g dry weight in the roots, corresponding to 0.90-3.12 mg/L of soluble La in the culture solution. It suggests that persistent applications of REEs may lead to potential ecological risk in the environment.  相似文献   
6.
Abstract

Urochloa decumbens plants may be reached by herbicide drift from applications of glyphosate from neighboring areas or by variations during applications. Considering the different phenological stages and size of plants in these areas, the amount of active ingredient that reaches the plants probably varies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of different doses of glyphosate on U. decumbens plants. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted with two replications at different times. The first experiment evaluated the biological response of U. decumbens plants to glyphosate doses (0, 2.81, 5.63, 11.25, 22.5, 45, 90, 180, 360, 720, and 1,440?g a.e. ha?1), with six replications. The second experiment evaluated the response of U. decumbens plants to the application of a selected low dose of 11.25?g a.e. ha?1. Evaluations of injury were performed at 0, 7, 14, and 21?days after application, and dry weight of plants was determined for each evaluation period. U. decumbens plants increased in dry weight when using the glyphosate dose of 11.25?g a.e. ha?1. However, plants had different responses to the application of this low dose. It can promote both stimulation and inhibition of plant growth.  相似文献   
7.
有机磷农药草甘膦异丙胺盐对球形棕囊藻的刺激效应   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
设置0、0.001、0.01、0.1、1和10mg·L-16个质量浓度梯度,测定了草甘膦异丙胺盐(Glyphosate-isopropylammonium)农药对球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)生长、叶绿素a含量、SOD和CAT活性的影响,探讨了有机磷农药对球形棕囊藻的毒物刺激效应。结果表明,低浓度的草甘膦异丙胺盐对球形棕囊藻的生长呈现出刺激效应。在实验所设定的6个质量浓度梯度范围内,0.001mg·L-1和0.01mg·L-1质量浓度处理下的刺激效应最为显著。该两个质量浓度处理下,球形棕囊藻的平均相对增长率比对照分别提高了1.27%和0.45%,叶绿素a含量分别比对照提高了9.2%和2.5%,SOD活性提高了5.9%和7.2%,CAT活性提高了93%和155%;而当草甘膦异丙胺盐质量浓度在0.1mg·L-1以上时,球形棕囊藻的生长率、叶绿素a含量、SOD活性均显著低于对照。草甘膦异丙胺盐在0.001mg·L-1和0.01mg·L-1范围内对球形棕囊藻均呈现刺激效应,而高于0.1mg·L-1时球形棕囊藻各生理指标表现出显著抑制效应。研究结果为了解有机磷农药对海洋微藻生长的影响特征,揭示有机磷农药对微藻产生低促高抑的规律和为深入探索赤潮暴发的成因提供依据。  相似文献   
8.
传统的杀虫剂毒理学应用线性非阈值模型评价杀虫剂的毒力及风险,但是没有考虑到低剂量杀虫剂所产生的毒物兴奋效应(Hormesis).杀虫剂对昆虫的低剂量兴奋效应主要表现在对昆虫的发育历期、体重和生殖力以及毒力等方面所产生的影响.在概述毒物低剂量兴奋效应理论及研究方法的基础上,重点介绍了杀虫剂对昆虫的低剂量兴奋性效应研究进展及其与杀虫剂亚致死剂量效应的区别,最后讨论了杀虫剂的兴奋效应对农业害虫防治所带来的影响.  相似文献   
9.
肖群  段舜山 《生态环境》2010,19(4):771-775
以杜氏盐藻(Dunaliella salina)为实验材料,用超声波细胞均质仪作为超声装置对杜氏盐藻进行处理,分别设64 s和128 s两个时间强度处理,各时间强度均分16次、8次、4次、2次和1次五种间隔,以无超声波作用为对照。超声波作用解除后,将各处理在相同的培养条件下培养7 d,测定生长过程的吸光值、叶绿素a含量、最大光能转化效率、实际光能转化效和光合电子传递效率等指标。结果表明,在64 s和128 s两个总时间强度处理下,超声波短时间多次处理有利于杜氏盐藻的生长,使其吸光值、叶绿素a含量、最大光能转化效率、实际光能转化效率以及光合电子传递效率等指标均比对照有所提高。  相似文献   
10.
亚硝酸钠增强SMMC-7721细胞拮抗镉细胞毒性的研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
为了研究亚硝酸钠对肝源性细胞的毒物兴奋效应和拮抗镉诱导的细胞凋亡作用,以人体肝癌细胞SMMC-7721为模型,用3.13~3200mg·L-1亚硝酸钠作用24h,并采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞的增殖活性.结果表明,细胞增殖活性表现出毒物兴奋效应.在毒物兴奋效应浓度范围内,选取最小效应浓度的亚硝酸钠(17mg·L-1)预适应细胞24h,然后再用25μmol·L-1氯化镉处理12h,细胞增殖活性结果表明,预适应的细胞能够耐受镉损害,这种细胞保护作用可以被一氧化氮清除剂抑制.流式细胞术及Hoechst33258/PI荧光双染结果表明,亚硝酸钠预适应的细胞能够耐受镉诱导的细胞凋亡.亚硝酸钠预适应的细胞再用氯化镉处理,与单纯氯化镉处理组相比,细胞内丙二醛(MDA)含量下降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高.同时,免疫细胞化学结果也显示,金属硫蛋白(MT)表达升高.总体而言,亚硝酸钠在3.13~800mg·L-1浓度范围内可促进细胞增殖活性并能够耐受镉诱导的细胞凋亡.  相似文献   
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