Animal agency in wildlife conservation and management

Wildlife conservation and management (WCM) practices have been historically drawn from a wide variety of academic fields, yet practitioners have been slow to engage with emerging conversations about animals as complex beings, whose individuality and sociality influence their relationships with humans. We propose an explicit acknowledgement of wild, nonhuman animals as active participants in WCM. We examined 190 studies of WCM interventions and outcomes to highlight 3 common assumptions that underpin many present approaches to WCM: animal behaviors are rigid and homogeneous; wildlife exhibit idealized wild behavior and prefer pristine habitats; and human–wildlife relationships are of marginal or secondary importance relative to nonhuman interactions. We found that these management interventions insufficiently considered animal learning, decision-making, individuality, sociality, and relationships with humans and led to unanticipated detrimental outcomes. To address these shortcomings, we synthesized theoretical advances in animal behavioral sciences, animal geographies, and animal legal theory that may help conservation professionals reconceptualize animals and their relationships with humans. Based on advances in these fields, we constructed the concept of animal agency, which we define as the ability of animals to actively influence conservation and management outcomes through their adaptive, context-specific, and complex behaviors that are predicated on their sentience, individuality, lived experiences, cognition, sociality, and cultures in ways that shape and reshape shared human–wildlife cultures, spaces, and histories. Conservation practices, such as compassionate conservation, convivial conservation, and ecological justice, incorporate facets of animal agency. Animal agency can be incorporated in conservation problem-solving by assessing the ways in which agency contributes to species’ survival and by encouraging more adaptive and collaborative decision-making among human and nonhuman stakeholders.     

抗生素与三唑类杀菌剂混合物对羊角月牙藻的长期毒性相互作用研究

地表水中抗生素与农药的混合暴露及其潜在生态与健康风险受到广泛关注。然而,目前关于抗生素与农药混合毒性研究大多仅考虑急性毒性,缺乏其长期毒性相互作用的研究。以较为广泛使用的2种抗生素土霉素(OXY)、环丙沙星(CIP)和1种三唑类杀菌剂农药戊唑醇(TCZ)及其二元混合物为研究对象,以生态系统中初级生产者绿藻(羊角月牙藻)为受试生物,研究目标混合物在暴露时间为96、120、144和168 h的长期毒性相互作用。结果表明,单一物质及其混合物随暴露时间延长而毒性增大;同一暴露时间点的单一污染物毒性大小顺序为OXYTCZCIP;混合物毒性相互作用与浓度、混合物组分和暴露时间三者密切相关;混合体系的拮抗作用均出现在高浓度区域,而中、低浓度区域呈协同作用或加和作用; OXY-CIP与CIPTCZ混合体系的协同作用随着暴露时间延长而协同作用逐渐增大。研究结果对水环境中抗生素与农药复合污染生态风险评估具有重要的现实意义。     

A new approach to spatial source apportionment of haze pollution in large scale and its application in China

Long-lasting expansion of haze pollution in China has already presented a stern challenge to regional joint prevention and control. There is an urgent need to enlarge and reconstruct the coverage of joint prevention and control of air pollution in key area. Air quality models can identify and quantify the regional contribution of haze pollution and its key components with the help of numerical simulation, but it is difficult to be applied to larger spatial scale due to the complexity of model parameters. The time series analysis can recognize the existence of spatial interaction of haze pollution between cities, but it has not yet been used to further identify the spatial sources of haze pollution in large scale. Using econometric framework of time series analysis, this paper developed a new approach to perform spatial source apportionment. We applied this approach to calculate the contribution from spatial sources of haze pollution in China, using the monitoring data of particulate matter (PM_2.5) across 161 Chinese cities. This approach overcame the limitation of numerical simulation that the model complexity increases at excess with the expansion of sample range, and could effectively deal with severe large-scale haze episodes.     

微塑料对环境中有机污染物吸附解吸的研究进展

微塑料已成为新的全球性环境污染问题。作为强吸附剂,微塑料可以吸附共存的有机污染物,进而改变其环境行为和毒性;也可以通过解吸作用促进污染物在不同介质中的迁移。因而,微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用强度和机理是全面评估两者的环境风险和深度研究微塑料毒性机制的必要信息。目前微塑料研究处于快速发展的起始阶段,加之微塑料本身成分、粒径、表面风化情况的复杂性及共存有机污染物的多样性使两者的相互作用十分复杂,亟需理清微塑料吸附解吸作用的影响因素和相关机制。因而,本文详细综述了微塑料对有机污染物吸附解吸作用的研究进展,并着重从微塑料性质(成分、粒径和表面风化)、有机污染物性质和水环境介质性质方面探讨了吸附的影响因素和相互作用机制,希望为微塑料吸附有机污染物及吸附的后续影响研究提供借鉴与参考。     

Catalytic oxidation of CO over Pt/Fe3O4 catalysts: Tuning O2 activation and CO adsorption

• Strong metal-support interaction exists on Pt/Fe₃O₄ catalysts. • Pt metal particles facilitate the formation of oxygen vacancies on Fe₃O₄. • Fe₃O₄ supports enhance the strength of CO adsorption on Pt metal particles. The self-inhibition behavior due to CO poisoning on Pt metal particles strongly impairs the performance of CO oxidation. It is an effective method to use reducible metal oxides for supporting Pt metal particles to avoid self-inhibition and to improve catalytic performance. In this work, we used in situ reductions of chloroplatinic acid on commercial Fe₃O₄ powder to prepare heterogeneous-structured Pt/Fe₃O₄ catalysts in the solution of ethylene glycol. The heterogeneous Pt/Fe₃O₄ catalysts achieved a better catalytic performance of CO oxidation compared with the Fe₃O₄ powder. The temperatures of 50% and 90% CO conversion were achieved above 260°C and 290°C at Pt/Fe₃O₄, respectively. However, they are accomplished on Fe₃O₄ at temperatures higher than 310°C. XRD, XPS, and H₂-TPR results confirmed that the metallic Pt atoms have a strong synergistic interaction with the Fe₃O₄ supports. TGA results and transient DRIFTS results proved that the Pt metal particles facilitate the release of lattice oxygen and the formation of oxygen vacancies on Fe₃O₄. The combined results of O₂-TPD and DRIFTS indicated that the activation step of oxygen molecules at surface oxygen vacancies could potentially be the rate-determining step of the catalytic CO oxidation at Pt/Fe₃O₄ catalysts. The reaction pathway involves a Pt-assisted Mars-van Krevelen (MvK) mechanism.     

微塑料与污染物相互作用的研究进展

微塑料广泛存在于环境中,其比表面积大、吸附性强,可吸附环境中的重金属、有机物、微生物等污染物,并改变它们在环境中的归趋;同时,这些污染物也会影响微塑料的性质及其在环境中的吸附、迁移、降解等行为,进而对生态环境产生潜在风险.开展微塑料与污染物的相互作用研究是进行微塑料环境风险评价的基础.当前相关研究多集中于微塑料的分布及其对不同污染物的吸附作用等方面,而污染物对微塑料性质的影响研究及吸附后它们性质变化的研究相对较少.据此本文总结了微塑料在环境中的分布情况;以吸附为例,梳理了相互作用过程的影响因素和机理;综述了微塑料与污染物相互作用的研究现状;最后基于此展望日后的研究方向,以期对未来微塑料的相关研究提供参考和帮助.     

铜绿微囊藻与藻际细菌Ma-B1菌株的相互作用

藻与细菌通常共生于淡水生境,形成藻-菌共生体系,藻际细菌是水体生态系统中的重要组成部分,对藻的消长起重要的调控作用,但有关藻际微环境中藻与细菌的互作机制还不清楚.采用传统的细菌平板培养方法,从太湖优势水华藻——铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)细胞表面分离出一株藻际细菌Ma-B1,基于生理、生化试验和16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定为甲基营养芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus).通过测定细胞生长,分析藻-菌相互作用机理.结果表明:一定浓度(60μg/mL)的Ma-B1的胞外代谢物可显著抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长(培养基为BG11,28℃/日,22℃/夜,3 000 lx,光暗比为14 h∶10 h);铜绿微囊藻的胞外滤液(500μL/mL)对Ma-B1的生长有一定的促进作用,但其总滤液(500μL/mL)显著促进Ma-B1的生长;MaB1细胞对铜绿微囊藻的生长没有显著影响,而高浓度(藻菌比10∶1)的铜绿微囊藻细胞则可显著抑制Ma-B1的生长.铜绿微囊藻与Ma-B1之间存在复杂的相互抑制或促进关系,共同影响着藻、菌在自然水体生态系统中的消长.     

武汉城市圈土地利用变化系统仿真模拟与驱动力分析

土地利用变化是全球环境变化与可持续研究的重要内容,驱动力研究是土地利用变化研究中的核心问题。现有土地利用变化驱动力研究多针对单一的城市区域展开,无法解释城市群地区,城市一体化战略指导下城市交互作用对土地利用变化的影响。运用系统动力学(SD)方法,综合考虑经济、人口、城市化、政策等主要人文因素,并将城市交互作用因素引入SD,以武汉城市圈为例,构建土地利用变化系统SD模型,运用1997~2006年的历史数据进行检验,并对武汉城市圈2010~2020年不同情景下的土地利用变化进行模拟。结果表明,建立的SD模型是有效的,两种情景下土地利用变化表现出差异性,说明城市交互作用是除经济、人口城市化等社会经济因素外,土地利用变化的又一重要影响因素。     

重庆三叠系碳酸盐岩热储热水水文地球化学特征

地下热水的水文地球化学特征研究有利于地下热水的开发,对重庆三叠系碳酸盐岩热储热水的研究可以更好地实现重庆地下热水的可持续开发。通过2009年1月和2009年7月对重庆市三叠系碳酸盐岩热储热水进行野外监测、取样和室内分析,发现重庆三叠系碳酸盐岩热储热水水化学性质相近,pH呈中性,水温30℃~50℃,电导率为1 320 μs/cm~3 250 μs/cm,水化学类型为SO₄-Ca(Mg)型,是典型的碳酸盐岩热储中-低温地下热水。温泉水的主要阳离子为Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺,阴离子为SO₄^2-和HCO₃^-,除青木关温泉外,SO₄^2-和Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺随时空变化较小,体现了碳酸盐岩中石膏与地下热水的水-岩作用对地下热水水文地球化学特征的控制。热水中的方解石和白云石都处于饱和与不饱和的临界状态,没有明显钙华沉积的现象;Na-K-Mg-Ca图解显示各个季节地下热水的物质来源基本一致,均没有达到水岩平衡状态。     

常见金属硫化物电化学反应环境效应及其影响因素分析

金属硫化物矿物作为重要的金属矿产资源之一,在自然界广泛分布并易氧化(电化学反应)引起重金属离子和酸性矿山废水污染的环境效应。本文以黄铁矿和黄铜矿为例全面分析了金属硫化物矿物环境效应产生机制,以及影响金属硫化物矿物电化学反应的各种因素,指出了当前研究存在的不足。这对金属硫化物矿区环境污染的源头控制与修复具有重要的指导意义。