Acute hematological toxicity of ivermectin to juvenile Clarias gariepinus

Abstract

Acute behavioral and hematological toxicity of ivermectin to C. gariepinus juveniles were assessed under static conditions at concentrations of 9 to 25?µg L^?1 for up to 4?days. Juveniles were highly sensitive to ivermectin, with an LC50 of 15?µg L^?1, culminating in spasms and paralysis. The hematological responses of packed cell volume, hemoglobin and red blood cell count decreased when compared to the control while the white blood cell count showed a biphasic trend. The mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin showed a mixed trend, while mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased with increase in the concentration of the drug. Lymphocytes and neutrophils were also significantly (p?<?.05) increased. Ivermectin did not elicit any significant changes in monocytes, basophils and eosinophils. The observed changes confirm that ivermectin negatively affected the health of the fish. Therefore, real-time monitoring for early warning is recommended.     

复方阿苯达唑/伊维菌素及其单药的体内外致突变性研究

农业生产上常用的阿苯达唑和伊维菌素均有一定的致突变性。为了解伊维菌素和阿苯达唑按1:24形成固定剂量复方的致突变性,以及复方和单药致突变性的差异,采用Ames试验、小鼠骨髓微核试验和小鼠精子畸变试验进行复方阿苯达唑/伊维菌素及其单药的致突变性研究。结果表明,复方阿苯达唑/伊维菌素能提高小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞的微核率和精子畸形率,但在单复方的比较中发现,单药的微核率和精子畸形率均高于复方,表明复方毒性有所降低。同时,无论是复方还是单药均不能提高组氨酸缺陷型沙门氏菌的突变率。以上表明,虽然复方阿苯达唑/伊维菌素致突变毒性低于单药,但仍然是一种能引起小鼠骨髓微核率和精子畸形率升高的致突变阳性药物,因此需警惕该药物的食品残留问题及对生态环境的危害。     

Transport of oxytetracycline,chlortetracycline, and ivermectin in surface runoff from irrigated pasture

The transport of oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, and ivermectin from manure was assessed via surface runoff on irrigated pasture. Surface runoff plots in the Sierra Foothills of Northern California were used to evaluate the effects of irrigation water application rates, pharmaceutical application conditions, vegetative cover, and vegetative filter strip length on the pharmaceutical discharge in surface runoff. Experiments were designed to permit the maximum potential transport of pharmaceuticals to surface runoff water, which included pre-irrigation to saturate soil, trimming grass where manure was applied, and laying a continuous manure strip perpendicular to the flow of water. However, due to high sorption of the pharmaceuticals to manure and soil, less than 0.1% of applied pharmaceuticals were detected in runoff water. Results demonstrated an increase of pharmaceutical transport in surface runoff with increased pharmaceutical concentration in manure, the concentration of pharmaceuticals in runoff water remained constant with increased irrigation flow rate, and no appreciable decrease in pharmaceutical runoff was produced with the vegetative filter strip length increased from 30.5 to 91.5 cm. Most of the applied pharmaceuticals were retained in the manure or within the upper 5 cm of soil directly beneath the manure application sites. As this study evaluated conditions for high transport potential, the data suggest that the risk for significant chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and ivermectin transport to surface water from cattle manure on irrigated pasture is low.     

伊维菌素对雄性吉富罗非鱼生理生化指标的影响

为探讨抗寄生虫药物伊维菌素(IVM)对鱼类的毒性效应,以雄性吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)为实验对象,设定了A(空白对照)、B(乙醇对照)、C(0.1 mg·kg~(-1))、D(0.5 mg·kg~(-1))、E(1 mg·kg~(-1))5个实验组,研究IVM对吉富罗非鱼肝脏和血液生理生化的影响。研究发现:正常生理状态下吉富罗非鱼肝脏中的丙二醛(MDA)含量较低,IVM作用后除最高剂量E组中MDA含量在4 h、16 h和24 h时极显著高于对照组外,其余各组均未受到显著影响。较低注射剂量C组中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均得到了诱导,且均显著高于对照组,较高注射剂量组中除E组在第4 h、16 h和24 h SOD活性显著高于对照组外,其余均未发现有显著变化。肝脏中谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)在IVM作用下均发生了一定的变化,尤其是E组均显著低于对照组。与肝脏中的相反,血液中的AST则随剂量的升高而呈现增加的趋势,在某些时间点与对照组相比显著升高,而血液中ALT除C、D组个别时间点外其余的均未有显著变化。B、C、D、E 4组肝脏中的碱性磷酸酶(ALP)相对A组均发生了显著下降,但C、D、E组与B组除个别时间点外均未有显著差异,因此肝脏中的ALP变化可能是无水乙醇作用的结果,而非IVM。血液中ALP则均未有显著变化。研究表明高剂量的IVM对吉富罗非鱼的肝脏造成了一定影响,因此在实际使用过程中应选择合适的给药方式以及合理的给药剂量。