有机化合物水解的研究方法

有机化合物在水中的化学降解是其在环境中消失的重要途径之一，本文介绍有机化合物在水中的化学降解的研究方法，并给出研究实例。  

水体颗粒物以及土壤对有机物吸附常数的测定

本文介绍了用批量平衡测定水体悬浮颗粒物以及土壤对有机物吸附常数的测定方法，并给出实例和方法的注意事项。  

合成有机物结构-生物降解性关系的研究

本文综述了合成有机物生物降解性的研究方法.以及定性结构-生物降解性关系(SBR).重点综述了芳香类化合物的结构与生物降解性的关系.研究这一关系有助于有毒化学品生物降解性的预测.  

合成有机化学品的超临界水氧化

研究了超临界水氧化系统中合成有机化学品 ,如酚、间苯三酚、对叔丁基酚、间甲酚、3 ,5-二甲酚、苯胺、硝基苯、叔丁醇、三氯乙醛等的氧化作用。在实验条件下 ,上述化学品均能显著降解。酚和苯胺的去除随氧化剂过氧化氢加入量增加而增加。较优的K值 (实验中加入的H2 O2 量与按反应方程化学计量的量的比值 )对酚和苯胺分别为 1 .5和 1 .1。实验结果显示 ,当系统的压力为 3 0MPa ,温度为 4 50℃ ,停留时间为 1 90s,K =2 .0 (对酚 )和系统压力为 2 5MPa,温度为 50 0℃ ,停留时间为 3 0s,K =1 .2 (对苯胺 ) ,氧化效率都接近 1 0 0 %。含酚废水处理结果表明温度、压力、停留时间 3种因素中 ,温度是主要影响因素  

Accumulation, distribution and transformation of DDT and PCBs by Phragmites australis and Oryza sativa L.: I. Whole plant study

Glasshouse experiments were conducted to determine the accumulation, distribution and transformation of o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT and PCBs by common reed (Phragmites australis) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) under hydroponic conditions. The culture solution was spiked with the organic pollutants and samples were collected daily. Analysis of the plants at harvest showed that both species had removed DDT and PCBs from the solution. DDT appeared to have accumulated within P. australis by both passive adsorption and active absorption. Both o,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDT were transformed within P. australis. DDD was the major metabolite and the transformation was mediated by reductive dehalogenation. Plant long-distance transportation systems may be involved in the translocation of PCBs within P. australis and the affinity of the PCBs for lipids is one of the major factors affecting their uptake and translocation within the plants. Similar but less pronounced results were found in O. sativa and suggest that these wetland plants may be used for the plant-mediated remediation of persistent organic pollutants.  

碳纳米管对污染物的吸附及其在土水环境中的迁移行为

碳纳米管具有独特的物理化学特性,对污染物具有优异的吸附性能,在环保领域具有巨大的应用潜力,因而吸引人们对碳纳米管吸附有毒污染物的行为和规律开展了大量研究.同时,碳纳米管特有的表面化学性质和结构特征,使得其自身的环境行为具有一定的风险性,对碳纳米管在水土环境中的迁移行为进行评价,是碳纳米管工程应用之前必须要解决的重要问题,相关研究也有一定程度的开展.本文从碳纳米管对环境污染物的吸附行为和相关机理以及碳纳米管在水土环境中的迁移行为方面进行了综述,阐述了这些研究对于评估碳纳米管的环境应用潜力、环境和生态风险所具有的意义.  

Accumulation, distribution and transformation of DDT and PCBs by Phragmites australis and Oryza sativa L.: II. Enzyme study

Two wetland plant species, Phragmites australis and Oryza sativa, were grown in a glasshouse under hydroponics conditions. Enzyme extracts from different parts of the plants were used to determine the transformation rate of o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT and PCBs. The organic pollutants were directly spiked into the enzyme extracts, and samples were collected every 30 min and analyzed with a GC-ECD. Root extracts of P. australis readily degraded and transformed DDT and some PCB congeners with a low degree of chlorination. In contrast, crude extracts of O. sativa showed no appreciable degradation or transformation of DDT or PCBs. Inhibition studies indicated that the degradation and transformation of both DDT and PCBs by P. australis enzymes were partly mediated by peroxidase and the plant P-450 system. PCBs with a high degree of chlorination were highly resistant to transformation or degradation by plant enzymes. Both wetland plant species accumulated substantial quantities of the persistent organic chemicals but had different degradation capacities. The enzyme systems in P. australis were much more effective that those in rice in the degradation and transformation of the organic pollutants.  

极性有机化合物整合采样技术在水环境有机污染物监测中的应用

极性有机化合物整合采样技术(Polar organic chemical integrative samplers,POCIS)适用于极性有机污染物的采集,随着新型极性有机污染物的不断出现,该技术已经引起了科学家的广泛关注.本文概述了几种常用的被动采样装置,重点介绍了POCIS采样器的一般结构、富集原理、环境因素如流速、温度、pH、溶解性有机质、盐度及膜的污染等对采样速率的影响,讨论了针对极性物质检测的质量控制和保证以及性能参考物质,综述了POCIS在水环境有机污染物监测中的应用.最后,本文对POCIS的应用前景进行了展望.  

评估可离子化有机化合物的生物累积潜力：当前的认知和研究的重点

本研究的目的是回顾目前关于可离子化有机化合物(IOCs)的生物累积潜力的认知，重点讨论鱼类经验数据的有效性。IOCs在鱼体内的生物积累潜力可以很好地表征为：依赖pH的鳃摄取和排泄，肠道吸收和磷脂吸附(膜-水分区)。关键的挑战包括缺乏关于IOCs生物转化和血浆结合的经验数据。鱼拥有多种蛋白质，可以在细胞膜上传输IOCs。然而，除了少数情况下，这种传输对环境污染物的吸收和积累的意义是未知的。本文提出了2个研究案例。第一个描述了pH值和生物转化对有机酸和碱的生物富集的建模作用，而第二个则采用了一个更新的模型来研究导致全氟烷基酸积累的因素。全氟化烷基酸个案研究是值得关注的，因为它说明了膜转运蛋白在肾脏中可能具有的重要性，并强调了交叉比对方法(read-across approaches)的潜在价值。认识到当前需要对IOCs进行生物累积危害评估和生态风险评估，作者提供了一个分层策略，从保守的假设(模型和相关数据)到需要化学特定信息的更复杂的模型。
精选自Armitage, J. M., Erickson, R. J., Luckenbach, T., Ng, C. A., Prosser, R. S., Arnot, J. A., Schirmer, K. and Nichols, J. W. (2017), Assessing the bioaccumulation potential of ionizable organic compounds: Current knowledge and research priorities. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 882–897. doi: 10.1002/etc.3680
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3680/full
  

有机化学品不同温度下(过冷)液体蒸气压预测模型的建立与评价

(过冷)液体蒸气压(PL)是评价化学品在环境中分配、迁移和归趋行为的重要参数.PL具有较强的温度依附性.发展一种能够精确预测不同环境温度下化学品PL的方法,有助于填补化学品生态风险评估的大量数据缺失.本研究收集整理了661种有机化合物在不同温度下(200 ～ 830 K)共计10 478个logPL值.在此基础上,采用偏最小二乘(PLS)回归和支持向量机(SVM)方法,构建了PL的线性和非线性预测模型.结果表明:2种模型均具有良好的拟合度、稳健性及预测能力,SVM模型的预测性能略高于PLS模型(PLS:R2adj.tra=0.912,RMSEtra=0.477,Q2ext=0.910;SVM:R2ndj.tra=0.997,RMSEtra=0.092,Q2ext=0.967).机理分析表明,温度是影响PL的主要因素,温度越高,蒸气压越大;其次,X1sol也影响PL大小,X1sol用来描述分子间的色散作用,分子间色散力越小,蒸气压越大;此外,化合物的氢键个数、极性和分子构型等因素也影响PL大小.采用Williams plot方法表征了PLS模型应用域.所建立的模型可用来预测烷烃、烯烃、醇、酮、羧酸、苯、酚、联苯、卤代芳香烃、含N化合物及含S化合物在不同温度下的PL数据.