考虑儿童运动特性的小学教学楼楼梯间人员疏散研究

为研究小学教学楼楼梯间人员运动行为以及影响人员疏散的因素，开展人员疏散实验并构建疏散模拟场景。基于疏散实验研究不同实验场景的出口流量和人员运动速度，通过疏散仿真模拟，分析不同人员运动速度、人员数量及疏散策略对疏散的影响。结果表明:排队下楼的人员运动速度比紧急疏散人员低22.7%，自由上楼人员运动速度比排队上楼人员高8%；人员总疏散时间随人员运动速度的增加而降低，但总疏散时间随速度增加而降低的幅度变小；加入分层疏散策略会增加人群疏散总时间，但整个疏散过程人员分布均匀，在建筑瓶颈不易产生人员过度拥挤现象，因而在疏散过程中应适当采用分层疏散策略。     

微电解—芬顿氧化工艺预处理高浓度松香改性酚醛树脂生产废水

为了降低松香改性酚醛树脂生产废水的COD并改善其可生化性,采用微电解—芬顿氧化工艺对该废水进行预处理。研究了pH、微电解反应时间、曝气、双氧水投加量等对微电解和芬顿氧化处理效果的影响,考察了COD去除率和BOD₅/COD值的变化趋势。实验结果表明：曝气条件下,调节废水pH为4、进行2次微电解、微电解反应时间各2.0 h时,废水的COD去除率为38%,BOD₅/COD值提高为0.18;再投加7.5%（w）的双氧水,废水的COD去除率为65.3%,BOD₅/COD值为0.37。采用微电解—芬顿氧化的预处理工艺,不仅有效去除了废水的COD,而且显著改善了废水的可生化性。     

内循环活性炭生物流化床处理农药生产废水的试验研究

采用内循环活性炭生物流化床反应器处理某农药厂生产废水,通过试验研究了该反应器在室温条件下处理农药生产废水的性能.结果表明:当进水pH值控制在7.0～7.5、水力停留时间为6h、曝气量控制在使活性炭处于流化状态时,CODcr的去除率为50％,总氮的去除率为32.33％,同时可生化性明显提高,生物毒性有所降低.     

发挥城市基层组织作用,有效进行公众参与工作

根据作者从事环境评价工作的经验,结合北京市的城市建设项目的案例,说明在公众参与工作中结合中国城市基层组织特点,发挥基层组织作用,能够有效使公众参与环境保护、体现公众环境知情权、制止群体事件的发生,进一步做好公众参与工作。     

Occurrence of selected aliphatic amines in source water of major cities in China

The formation of toxic nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs), such as nitrosamines, halonitromethanes and haloacetonitriles, from reactions between chlorine/chloramine and dissolved organic nitrogen in drinking water has caused great concern with regarding public health. This study revealed the occurrence of 17 aliphatic amines, some of which have been confirmed to be the precursors of N-DBPs, in source water across China. A sensitive method based on benzenesulfonyl chloride derivatization and liquid-liquid extraction followed by GC-MS analysis was established for the simultaneous analysis of the selected amines in aqueous samples. In total, 37 source water samples from the capital cities of 20 provinces were collected for the survey. Among the 17 amines, 14 were detected with an average frequency of detection of 36%. The most relevant amines in terms of frequency and maximum concentrations detected were dimethylamine (100%, 24.82 μg/L), methylamine (78%, 0.92 μg/L), N-methylethylamine (70%, 8.84 μg/L), propylamine (59%, 10.69 μg/L), diethylamine (54%, 3.76 μg/L), N-methylbutylamine (35%, 3.07 μg/L), N-ethylpropylamine (35%, 0.52 μg/L), and piperidine (32%, 2.35 μg/L). This is the first large scale survey of the aliphatic amines occurrence in source water in the world. The wide presence of nitrosamine precursors like dimethylamine, N-methylethylamine and diethylamine, and the precursors of haloacetonitriles and halonitromethanes like methylamine and propylamine suggests that better source water management is required to ensure the safety of drinking water.     

草地退化对三江源区高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量的影响及其原因

为了揭示草地退化对三江源地区高寒草甸生态系统碳通量的影响,利用涡度相关技术,于2006年12月1日~2007年11月30日对三江源地区的退化高寒草甸生态系统的碳通量及生物和环境因子进行观测.结果发现:草地退化对高寒草甸生态系统的碳通量产生了深刻影响,与未退化的高寒草甸生态系统相比,退化高寒草甸生态系统全年总初级生产力(GPP)下降了36.6%,全年生态系统呼吸(Reco)下降了7.9%,全年净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)也由退化前的负值(碳吸收)转变为正值(碳排放),二者相差132.5gC/(m2·a),生态系统由原来的碳汇转变为目前的碳源.这些变化与高寒草甸退化后,生态系统植物地上生物量锐减、植物生长期缩短(NEE<0的天数)、植物多样性下降、土壤含水量降低等因素密切相关.     

三维电极处理腈纶聚合废水的条件优化研究

采用填充粒状活性炭的三维电极处理腈纶聚合废水,考察实验条件对污染物去除效果的影响以及废水处理前后可生化性的变化.阳极为Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₃网状极板,阴极为网状钛电极,分别考察了停留时间、 电解电压、 pH值、 曝气量对废水中污染物去除效果的影响.结果表明,电解电压和pH值对废水有机物的去除率影响较大,在最优实验条件：电解电压为15V,pH值为3,曝气量400 mL/min的条件下电解120 min,腈纶聚合废水的COD、 TOC和丙烯腈的去除率分别为32.59%、 22.17%和89.70%,并且经过电解处理,废水BOD₅/COD值从0.02上升至0.42,可生化性显著提高,为生物处理提供了条件.     

植被净初级生产力对气候变化的响应研究——以黄土高原燕沟流域为例

Vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) is a sensitive indicator to characterize the response of terrestrial ecosystems to the climate change. Projections of the NPP changes of the Loess Plateau under future climate scenarios have great significances in revealing the interactions among terrestrial ecosystems and climatic systems, as well as instructing future vegetation construction of this region. Here, we carried out a case study on the Yangou watershed in the Loess Plateau. Using the vegetation-producing process model (VPP) established for such small watersheds, we simulated the NPP of the Yangou watershed under different scenarios of climate changes. The results showed that the NPP significantly increased with the precipitation increasing and evidently decreased with the temperature increasing where the climate change occurred in the whole year or in the summer half year. However, where the climate change occurred in the winter half year, the increased precipitation had little effect on the NPP, and the increased temperature significantly reduced the NPP. There were clear differences among the response sensitivities of different vegetation types with trees and shrubs were more sensitive to the changes in temperature and precipitation than crops and grasses. Currently, the most favourable climate change scenario to the NPP in the Yangou watershed was T0P15 under which the precipitation increased by 15% and the temperature did not changed, in the whole year; in the meantime, the most unfavourable climate change scenarios was T2P-15 under which the precipitation declined by 15% and the temperature increased by 2℃, in the whole year.     

Treatment of oilfield produced water by anaerobic process coupled with micro-electrolysis

Treatment of oilfield produced water was investigated using an anaerobic process coupled with micro-electrolysis (ME), focusing on changes in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biodegradability. Results showed that COD exhibited an abnormal change in the single anaerobic system in which it increased within the first 168 hr, but then decreased to 222 mg/L after 360 hr. The biological oxygen demand (five-day) (BOD5)/COD ratio of the water increased from 0.05 to 0.15. Hydrocarbons in the wastewater, such as pectin, degraded to small molecules during the hydrolytic acidification process. Comparatively, the e ect of ME was also investigated. The COD underwent a slight decrease and the BOD5/COD ratio of the water improved from 0.05 to 0.17 after ME. Removal of COD was 38.3% under the idealized ME conditions (pH 6.0), using iron and active carbon (80 and 40 g/L, respectively). Coupling the anaerobic process with ME accelerated the COD removal ratio (average removal was 53.3%). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to analyze organic species conversion. This integrated system appeared to be a useful option for the treatment of water produced in oilfields.     

金刚石膜电极电化学氧化提高废水可生化性的研究

采用掺硼金刚石膜电极(BDD)电化学氧化的方法提高2-氯苯酚废水的可生化性,与钛基钌铱氧化物电极(DSA)进行对比,研究了该方法的机理.结果表明,BDD电极电化学氧化2.0h后,BOD5/CODCr值达到0.42,有效提高了废水的可生化性,而DSA电极电化学氧化2.0h后,BOD5/CODCr值仅为0.24.机理研究表明,由于BDD电极具有高的析氧电位,可产生大量的羟基自由基(×OH),能够使2-氯苯酚的苯环充分开环,形成草酸、顺丁烯二酸等易生化处理的中间产物,从而使可生化性提高;而DSA电极的析氧电位较低,产生羟基自由基的能力较差,不能有效地提高废水的可生化性.