4种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂不同剂型对斑马鱼急性毒性效应

采用半静态法测定了4种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂原药及制剂对斑马鱼(Brachydonio rerio)急性毒性。结果表明,以实测浓度计,250 g·L~(-1)嘧菌酯悬浮剂对斑马鱼的96 h半数致死浓度(LC50)值为0.539 mg·L~(-1),急性毒性为高毒,95%嘧菌酯原药和50%嘧菌酯水分散粒剂对斑马鱼的LC50(96 h)值分别为1.09和1.21 mg·L~(-1),急性毒性均为中毒;98%啶氧菌酯原药和22.5%的啶氧菌酯悬浮剂对斑马鱼的LC50(96 h)值分别为0.0974和0.0972 mg·L~(-1),急性毒性均为剧毒;95%吡唑醚菌酯原药、15%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂和250 g·L~(-1)吡唑醚菌酯乳油对斑马鱼的LC50(96 h)值为0.0613、0.0549和0.0487 mg·L~(-1),急性毒性均为剧毒;95%醚菌酯原药和50%醚菌酯水分散粒剂对斑马鱼的LC50(96 h)值分别为0.468和0.702 mg·L~(-1),急性毒性均为高毒。这4种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂对斑马鱼均有较高风险,会对其他水生生物也存在潜在的风险。     

Comparative toxicities of 10 widely used biocides in three freshwater invertebrate species

Owing to their widespread use in wooden products, industrial products, cosmetics, and personal care products, biocides are frequently detected in wastewater and surface water. In this study, I examined the acute toxicities of 10 commonly used biocides, namely methylisothiazolinone, benzisothiazolinone, octylisothiazolinone, dichlorooctylisothiazolinone, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, triclosan, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, climbazole, and clotrimazole, in the water flea (Daphnia similis), freshwater planarians (Dugesia japonica) and green neon shrimp (Neocaridina denticulata). Among the 10 tested biocides, dichlorooctylisothiazolinone was the most toxic to both D. similis and N. denticulata, whereas pracolstrobin was the most toxic to Du. japonica. By contrast, the least toxic biocides for D. similis, Du. japonica, and N. denticulata were climbazole, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, and methylisothiazolinone, respectively. The 48-h nominal LC₅₀ values of all the biocides, except for benzisothiazolinone and climbazole, in D. similis were mostly less than 1 mg/L. In addition, the 96-h nominal LC₅₀ values of all the biocides, except for methylisothiazolinone and iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, in Du. japonica was less than 1 mg/L. These results indicate the biocides with low LC₅₀ values are relatively toxic to freshwater organisms.     

4种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂对拟澳洲赤眼蜂成蜂的急性毒性及安全性评价

为甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂合理使用提供科学依据,本研究采用试管药膜法测定了啶氧菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯、嘧菌酯和醚菌酯等4种药剂的原药及其制剂对拟澳洲赤眼蜂成蜂的急性毒性,并进行了安全性评价。对比原药结果发现,啶氧菌酯原药和醚菌酯原药毒性很高,LR50依次是2.66×10-4及7.32×10-4mg a.i.·cm~(-2),均属于高风险;而吡唑醚菌酯原药及嘧菌酯原药毒性较低,LR50分别为3.01×10-3和3.47×10-3mg a.i.·cm~(-2),均为中等风险药剂。对比制剂结果发现,啶氧菌酯悬浮剂毒性最高,LR50为5.02×10-5mg a.i.·cm~(-2),为极高风险药剂;其次是吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂及乳油,LR50分别为3.78×10-3和5.80×10-3mg a.i.·cm~(-2),均为中等风险药剂;最低的是嘧菌酯水分散粒剂、悬浮剂和醚菌酯水分散粒剂,LR50均大于4.0×10-2mg a.i.·cm~(-2),均为低风险药剂。部分甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂对天敌赤眼蜂存在较高风险,特别是啶氧菌酯,应避免田间使用,或通过避开赤眼蜂释放期来减少对赤眼蜂的伤害。     

Review of strobilurin fungicide chemicals

Strobilurins are natural products isolated and identified from specific fungi. Natural strobilurins were named in the order of their discovery as strobilurin-A followed by strobilurin-B, C, D etc. Their discovery opened the door for new chemistry of synthetic fungicides. Applying Quantitative Structural Activity Relationship (QSAR) on the structures of the natural strobilurins, many pesticide companies were able to discover many synthetic analogues that are more efficacious and more stable fungicides. At present there are about eight synthetic strobilurins in the fungicides worldwide market. Some of these products are worldwide registered for use as agrochemical and some are in the process of registration. This class of fungicides is relatively new, as crop protection products and information about them is still fairly scarce. In this review, syntheses and chemistry of natural and synthetic strobilurins are discussed. Also, the mode of action, efficacy, biotic/abiotic degradation, analytical methods, and agricultural uses are discussed.