丙烯腈生产废水中聚合物的资源化利用

以丙烯腈生产废水中的丙烯腈低聚物为原料制备聚丙烯酰胺。通过正交实验考察了水解反应条件和交联反应条件对反应的影响。FTIR表征结果显示,丙烯腈低聚物中的氰基已完全水解为酰胺基,产物聚丙烯酰胺中含有酰胺基和羧基。实验结果表明,在自来水加入量100 m L、水解反应温度95℃、m(Na OH)∶m(丙烯腈低聚物)=2.0、水解反应时间3 h的最佳水解反应条件,交联反应温度60℃、质量分数37%~40%的甲醛加入量6 m L、交联反应时间2 h的最佳交联反应条件下,处理20 g丙烯腈低聚物,可得到产物聚丙烯酰胺14.50 g,聚丙烯酰胺的水解度为21.1%、相对分子质量为2.7×106。产品性能满足Q/SH 0046—2007《钻井液用聚丙烯酰胺技术要求》中部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的性能要求。     

Metabolic uncoupler, 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide addition for sludge reduction and fouling control in a gravity-driven membrane bioreactor

• Effects of metabolic uncoupler TCS on the performances of GDMBR were evaluated. • Sludge EPS reduced and transformed into dissolved SMP when TCS was added. • Appropriate TCS increased the permeability and reduced cake layer fouling. • High dosage aggravated fouling due to compact cake layer with low bio-activity. The gravity-driven membrane bioreactor (MBR)system is promising for decentralized sewage treatment because of its low energy consumption and maintenance requirements. However, the growing sludge not only increases membrane fouling, but also augments operational complexities (sludge discharge). We added the metabolic uncoupler 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) to the system to deal with the mentioned issues. Based on the results, TCS addition effectively decreased sludge ATP and sludge yield (reduced by 50%). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS; proteins and polysaccharides) decreased with the addition of TCS and were transformed into dissolved soluble microbial products (SMPs) in the bulk solution, leading to the break of sludge flocs into small fragments. Permeability was increased by more than two times, reaching 60–70 L/m²/h bar when 10–30 mg/L TCS were added, because of the reduced suspended sludge and the formation of a thin cake layer with low EPS levels. Resistance analyses confirmed that appropriate dosages of TCS primarily decreased the cake layer and hydraulically reversible resistances. Permeability decreased at high dosage (50 mg/L) due to the release of excess sludge fragments and SMP into the supernatant, with a thin but more compact fouling layer with low bioactivity developing on the membrane surface, causing higher cake layer and pore blocking resistances. Our study provides a fundamental understanding of how a metabolic uncoupler affects the sludge and bio-fouling layers at different dosages, with practical relevance for in situ sludge reduction and membrane fouling alleviation in MBR systems.     

印染废水处理提标小试研究

利用"水解酸化+强化好氧+深度处理"的工艺技术方案开展印染废水小试研究。在工艺前端采用混流式和升流式两级水解酸化池,后续在曝气池投加活性焦载体,提高污泥浓度,强化好氧池处理能力,最后对生化出水加药混凝,并用生物活性焦滤池进行深度处理。结果表明,该处理工艺适宜处理印染废水,处理效果达到处理提标要求。     

水解酸化-接触氧化法处理生活污水的工艺设计

厂区生活污水有机物及悬浮颗粒含量高,可生化性好。采用水解酸化-接触氧化法(厌氧/好氧)处理生活污水,目前系统运行稳定,出水各项指标达到国家GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中二级排放标准。设计处理能力为1 500 m3/d,处理后出水进入厂区回用水池。     

Glucose production from hydrolysis of cellulose over a novel silica catalyst under hydrothermal conditions

A novel silica catalyst was synthesized by evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) method and tested for the catalytic selective hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose. This silica catalyst exhibited a higher catalytic activity than other oxides prepared by the same method, such as ZrO₂, TiO₂, and Al₂O₃. Using silica as a catalyst, cellulose was selectively hydrolyzed into glucose with a glucose yield as high as 50% under hydrothermal conditions without hydrogen gas. The silica catalyst was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH₃-TPD) and textural properties indicated that the synergistic effect between strong acidity and a suitable pore diameter of the silica catalyst may be responsible for its high activity. In addition, the catalyst was recyclable and showed excellent stability during the recycle catalytic runs.     

城市污泥中重金属有效态分布特征研究

以沈阳市北部污水处理厂剩余活性污泥为研究对象,对污泥中重金属Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn的含量及其形态分布特性进行分析。结果表明:污泥中4种重金属的含量基本符合国家相关控制标准(GB 18918-2002和CJ248-2007)。采用8种提取剂(0.05 mol/L EDTA,0.01 mol/L CaCl2,0.01 mol/LCa2(NO3)2,0.1 mol/L NaNO3,1 mol/L NH4OAC,0.43 mol/LHAC,0.05mol/L NaHCO3和0.05 mol/L Tris-HCl)分别对污泥中重金属的螯合态,中性交换态,酸溶态,碱溶态和蛋白质结合态进行分离分析。结果表明:4种重金属螯合态存在的比例较大,分别占各重金属总量的5.9%~27.2%,其次为酸溶态和中性交换态,而以碱溶态和蛋白质结合态形式存在的比例较少,除Cd外均低于1%。污泥中Cd和Pb具有较高的活性,而Cu,Zn在碱性污泥中主要以稳定态存在。     

干热河谷林地燥红土固碳特征及"新固定"碳表观稳定性

全球气候变化背景下,森林土壤固碳能力及所固定碳的稳定性受到极大关注.基于土壤密度分组和酸水解技术,对比研究了1991年营造的大叶相思(Acacia auriculiformis)林不同阶段(1991、1997、2003和2010年)土壤及其物理和生化组分中有机碳密度.结果表明,造林19 a后林地表层(0～15 cm)和亚表层(15～30 cm)土壤有机碳密度分别为1.40 kg.m-2和0.99kg.m-2.研究期内(1991～2010年)表层和亚表层土壤平均固碳速率分别为37.89 g.(m2.a)-1和16.84 g.(m2.a)-1,且土壤呈现加速固碳特征.2003年林地表层重组有机碳分配比例为71.44%,显著高于2010年(67.99%).2003年林地表层或亚表层轻组顽固性碳指数显著高于重组,但均随林龄的增加而降低,尤其是轻组顽固性碳指数.2003～2010年间燥红土"新固定"碳中57%～70%受物理保护,33%～49%为生化稳定性碳.研究揭示出干热河谷人工林燥红土具备较大的固碳能力.受物理保护碳的生化稳定性低于非保护碳,其稳定性均随林龄的增加而降低.     

“水解酸化+接触氧化”工艺在小型企业中成药废水处理中的应用

介绍了"水解酸化+接触氧化"工艺处理具有污染物浓度高、水质水量波动大等特点的某小型企业中药废水实际工程。监测数据表明该工艺处理效果稳定、可靠,出水指标达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》医药原料药二级标准。     

生物法-人工湿地工艺处理采油废水及其有机物的降解特性

采用水解酸化-好氧-人工湿地和水解酸化-人工湿地2种工艺流程处理油田某联合处理站经隔油、混凝处理的采油废水,并运用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)技术研究采油废水处理过程中有机物的迁移降解规律.结果表明,水解酸化(水力停留时间HRT=20 h)好-氧(HRT=10 h人)-工湿地(HRT=2 d)与水解酸化(HRT=20 h人)-工湿地(HRT=4 d),2种工艺的出水水质都能达到COD≤80 mg/L、NH+4-N≤15 mg/L.GC-MS分析结果表明,水解酸化能显著改善采油废水的可生化性,好氧及人工湿地对含苯环类有机污染物处理效果显著.     

基于批式呼吸计量法的溶解性COD组分划分

利用批式好氧呼吸计量法结合溶解性慢速水解COD(S_H)水解动力学拟合提出了溶解性COD(SCOD)的组分划分方案.上海2个污水处理厂进水的SCOD组分划分结果表明,A厂沉砂池出水(典型生活污水)的SCOD中含有43.5%～58.6% S_H、 21.8%～35.2%易生物降解COD(S_S)和15.4%～30.9%溶解性惰性COD(S_I); B厂沉砂池出水(长距离输送的合流制污水)SCOD中含有34.5%～45.2% S_H、 29.3%～37.7% S_S和25.6%～31.2% S_I. 9组不同水样的试验拟合结果表明,一级动力学能够很好地描述S_H的水解过程,A厂和B厂进水S_H的水解速率常数分别为28.00～39.77 d^-1和26.48～29.52 d^-1.该组分划分方案能够实现S_S积分区域的理论划分,并消除溶解性微生物产物对S_I测定的影响.