加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取-高效液相色谱/三重四级杆质谱法测定土壤中6种喹诺酮类抗生素残留

为测定污染土壤中的6种低残留喹诺酮类抗生素(氧氟沙星、培氟沙星、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、恶喹酸),全面优化了一种联合加速溶剂萃取(ASE)、固相萃取(SPE)和高效液相色谱/三重四级杆质谱(HPLC/MSMS) 3种检测技术的分析方法。样品采用甲醇和0.1 mol/L EDTA-McIlvaine缓冲液(1∶1)进行加速溶剂萃取,经Bond Elut Plexa型HLB固相萃取小柱富集纯化,土壤中6种喹诺酮类抗生素的基质效应因子控制在0.84～1.04。在0.2～100.0μg/L(以恶喹酸计)质量浓度范围内,目标化合物的线性关系良好(r0.999),6种目标化合物的检出限为0.09～0.75μg/kg,加标回收率为60.9%～89.9%。该方法自动化程度和准确度较高,可极大程度地降低基质效应,提高测定方法的灵敏度,适用于土壤中喹诺酮类抗生素残留的检测。     

面向管理的海洋修复工程生态绩效考核指标体系构建研究

目前国内关于海洋修复工程的考核研究多为修复工程的生态效果考核,极少包含成本效益考核,以致无法比较和分析不同类型、不同规模的海洋修复工程的生态绩效,不利于海洋修复工程的考核和验收管理。根据当前自然资源部实施“蓝色海湾”等整治修复工程的检查验收管理的新需求,本文构建了基于海洋生态系统健康恢复、生态系统服务价值增长和单位成本生态效益等理论的海洋修复工程生态绩效考核指标体系。此外,本文以温州海域2014—2016年海洋修复的生态绩效的考核为例,结合考核结果以及直接相关性、独立性、可测量性和业务化等指标选取原则,对指标体系进行了改进。结果表明本指标体系可以在海洋修复工程的检查验收中被用于生态绩效考核,管理部门可根据海洋修复工程的类型和管理需求,有选择性地采纳部分或全部指标进行考核。     

环境保护税对企业绩效的影响研究：基于税额标准的提高

2018年中国正式开征环境保护税，这是我国首个以环境保护为直接政策目标的税种。环境保护税由排污费改革而来，有一半以上省份直接平移排污费收费标准，其他省份提高了税额标准。本文以2016—2019年中国上市公司季度数据为研究样本，利用PSM-DID方法评估了环境保护税税额标准提高对企业绩效的短期经济影响。实证结果表明，在短期内环境保护税税额标准提高并不会对企业绩效产生显著的影响，这一结论在进行三重差分、更换指标和数据等稳健性检验之后仍然成立。此外，本文发现在制度环境较好的东部地区，环境保护税对企业绩效的短期抑制作用更为显著，税额标准提高降低了企业的净资产收益率和总资产报酬率，显示出制度环境对环境保护税具有加强效应，从而促使企业有更好的环境表现。对此，本文提出应持续优化环境保护税制度，提高征管能力和水平，调高部分地区环境保护税税额标准，改进中西部地区制度环境等建议。     

Structural equation model analysis for the evaluation of overall driving performance: A driving simulator study focusing on driver distraction

Objective: The present research relies on 2 main objectives. The first is to investigate whether latent model analysis through a structural equation model can be implemented on driving simulator data in order to define an unobserved driving performance variable. Subsequently, the second objective is to investigate and quantify the effect of several risk factors including distraction sources, driver characteristics, and road and traffic environment on the overall driving performance and not in independent driving performance measures.

Methods: For the scope of the present research, 95 participants from all age groups were asked to drive under different types of distraction (conversation with passenger, cell phone use) in urban and rural road environments with low and high traffic volume in a driving simulator experiment. Then, in the framework of the statistical analysis, a correlation table is presented investigating any of a broad class of statistical relationships between driving simulator measures and a structural equation model is developed in which overall driving performance is estimated as a latent variable based on several individual driving simulator measures.

Results: Results confirm the suitability of the structural equation model and indicate that the selection of the specific performance measures that define overall performance should be guided by a rule of representativeness between the selected variables. Moreover, results indicate that conversation with the passenger was not found to have a statistically significant effect, indicating that drivers do not change their performance while conversing with a passenger compared to undistracted driving. On the other hand, results support the hypothesis that cell phone use has a negative effect on driving performance. Furthermore, regarding driver characteristics, age, gender, and experience all have a significant effect on driving performance, indicating that driver-related characteristics play the most crucial role in overall driving performance.

Conclusions: The findings of this study allow a new approach to the investigation of driving behavior in driving simulator experiments and in general. By the successful implementation of the structural equation model, driving behavior can be assessed in terms of overall performance and not through individual performance measures, which allows an important scientific step forward from piecemeal analyses to a sound combined analysis of the interrelationship between several risk factors and overall driving performance.     

稻米来源镉对生长期猪的生长特性及不同脏器组织镉蓄积的影响

环境中的镉污染对动植物及人类都带来了极大的危害。目前,多数镉毒理研究关注其无机状态,而来源于稻米的有机态镉的毒害作用报道较少。为评估稻米来源镉对生长期猪的毒性作用,选用初始体重为30 kg左右的健康生长猪28头,随机分为体重无明显差异的2组,即对照组与稻米来源镉组(试验组),研究稻米来源镉对生长期猪(生长及育肥全阶段)的生长特性及不同脏器组织镉蓄积的影响。结果表明,在生长及育肥阶段,试验组与对照组相比:1)生长特性无显著差异(P0.05);2)育肥期组织游离氨基酸含量,除肌肉中的赖氨酸显著降低外(P0.05),血浆、肝脏、肾脏及肌肉中其他游离氨基酸水平均无显著差异(P0.05);3)心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、肺脏、胃、小肠、大肠、骨骼中镉蓄积量显著增高(P0.05),而肌肉、血液中无显著差异(P0.05),脂肪、皮中未检出镉。日粮使用大比例镉超标稻米后镉在各脏器和组织中的蓄积规律为肾脏肝脏小肠脾肺大肠胃血液骨头心腿肌背肌脂肪、皮。由此可见,镉超标稻米对生长期猪的生长特性未产生显著的影响,稻米来源镉主要蓄积于肝脏和肾脏,而主流食用组织肌肉和血液中镉的蓄积量较少。     

Effects of EGR on performance and emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with balanites aegyptiaca/diesel blends

In this study, balanites Aegyptiaca (L.) Del biodiesel was blended in proportions of 10% and 20% on the volume basis with diesel fuel and tested in a single cylinder, VCR diesel engine under measured load conditions with varied EGR rates (0, 10 and 20%). The results showed that B10 and B20 blends shown a significant reduction rate in terms of NO_x emissions that were familiar with biodiesel blends. At peak load conditions, BTE increased slightly for test fuel blends compared with pure diesel fuel while the BSFC rate and EGT suffered from increasing and decreasing nature with respect to blending percentage. From the emissions point of view, with the increase in blends percentage, a significant reduction rate is observed in terms of CO and HC concentrations (up to 12.34 and 17.5%, respectively) while NOx emissions decreased at peak load conditions (up to 24.34%). HC and CO emissions decreased with increase in blends percentage. However, lower levels of NO_x and EGT (up to 21.37 and 8.47%, respectively) and the average increase in terms of BTE and BSFC (up to 2.83 and 2.9%, respectively) can be realised with B20 test fuel blend under 20% EGR rate.     

高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器测定邻苯二甲酸酯色谱条件优化

采用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器对6种PAEs类物质进行测定,并对梯度洗脱条件、流速、检测波长等影响化合物色谱响应的关键参数进行优化。综合考虑样品测试效率、分析精度、实际样品中存在杂质干扰等因素,确定以乙腈-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,洗脱0~11 min流动相乙腈-水梯度比例为50∶50,11 min后流动相调整为100%乙腈,各化合物均能完全分离;色谱分析流速为0.8 m L/min;PAEs的最佳吸收波长为225 nm。在优化的色谱条件下,6种PAEs的线性良好,相关系数均大于0.999 8,仪器检出限为0.08~0.12 mg/L,保留时间、峰面积的相对标准偏差分别为0.02%~0.60%、0.13%~0.86%。方法灵敏度较高,适合土壤等邻苯二甲酸酯含量较高基质样品的快速分析。     

On the search for mimetic patterns in environmental disclosure: an international perspective

In this paper, we assert and test the proposition that environmental disclosure (ED) is structured by institutionalised myths and that is why ED is decoupled from environmental performance and media pressures. Focusing on firms from Canada, France and Germany, findings show that ED mimetic isomorphism for different topics varies among countries and by industry sensitiveness to the environment. The results corroborate the institutional presumption that institutionalised myths vary among different contexts. Our findings also suggest that institutionalised ED structures may not reflect environmental performance, mimetic patterns being affected by environmental performance. However, the decoupling between ED mimetic isomorphism and environmental performance decrease when firms’ ED credibility is questioned by the media.     

不同类型压力对飞行员安全绩效的影响规律研究

为探究各类型压力对飞行员安全绩效的影响规律，为飞行员日常工作管理提供依据，选取某航空公司200名飞行员进行压力测试，并调取其近6 a的飞机品质(QAR)数据，通过相关性分析和线性回归分析将飞行员压力数据与其QAR数据进行对比分析，探究飞行员压力对飞行安全绩效的影响规律。研究结果表明:工作负荷压力、家庭压力、人际关系压力和组织管理压力会显著负向影响飞行员安全绩效；角色压力和专业发展压力会显著正向影响飞行员安全绩效。     

飞行员人因可靠性定量预测

为有效预测飞行员的人因可靠性,以保障飞行安全,基于认知可靠性与失误分析法(CREAM)的扩展法,建立飞行员人因可靠性定量预测模型。依据飞行员的任务特点,调整认知行为及认知功能。通过优化共同绩效条件(CPC)因子水平等级,并增加新的因子,改进CPC因子依赖规则,用于修正因子的初始评估结果,解决扩展法未考虑因子间关系的问题,从而完成模型的建立。利用回看分析法验证模型的有效性,采用所建立的模型和扩展法分别对已发生的飞行案例进行预测,并与实际发生结果对比分析。结果表明,与扩展法相比,采用飞行员定量预测模型得到的预测结果与案例发生结果所反映的控制模式更为匹配。