Characterization of microbial communities from coastal waters using microarrays

Molecular methods, including DNA probes, were used to identify and enumerate pathogenic Vibrio species in the Chesapeake Bay; our data indicated that Vibrio vulnificus exhibits seasonal fluctuations in number. Our work included a characterization of total microbial communities from the Bay; development of microarrays that identify and quantify the diversity of those communities; and observation of temporal changes in those communities. To identify members of the microbial community, we amplified the 16S rDNA gene from community DNA isolated from a biofilm sample collected from the Chesapeake Bay in February, 2000. The resultant 75 sequences were 95% or more similar to 7 species including two recently described Shewanella species, baltica and frigidimarina, that have not been previously isolated from the Chesapeake. When the genera of bacteria from biofilm after culturing are compared to those detected by subcloning amplified 16S fragments from community DNA, the cultured sample exhibited a strong bias. In oysters collected in February, the most common bacteria were previously unknown. Based on our 16S findings, we are developing microarrays to detect these and other microbial species in these estuarine communities. The microarrays will detect each species using four distinct loci, with the multiple loci serving as an internal control. The accuracy of the microarray will be measured using sentinel species such as Aeromonas species, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio vulnificus. Using microarrays, it should be possible to determine the annual fluctuations of bacterial species (culturable and non-culturable, pathogenic and non-pathogenic). The data may be applied to understanding patterns of environmental change; assessing the health of the Bay; and evaluating the risk of human illness associated with exposure to and ingestion of water and shellfish.     

单级与两级序批式反应器用于牛场污水处理的比较研究

对序批式反应器 (SBR)的特点进行了简要的介绍。研究了水力停留时间和有机负荷率对单级和两级SBR用于牛场污水处理时污染物去除率和出水水质的影响 ,并对单级和两级SBR的污水处理性能进行了比较。研究结果表明 ,当用单级SBR处理 10 0 0 0mg LCODCr的污水时 ,1d水力停留时间即可获得较好的处理效果 ,但出水中仍含有一定量的氨。两级SBR可使用较短的水力停留时间而获得较高的污染物去除率和较好的出水水质 ,并可通过硝化过程实现氨的完全的去除     

Adsorption selectivity of salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid onto hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbents

Both bottle-point and column-feeding experiments involving different solutes and sorbents were carried out to investigate the adsorption selectivity and separation performance of salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid. Their adsorption isotherms onto such hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbents as NDA-100 and NDA-99 could be well described by the Freundlich equations whose characteristics describe extrathermic and favorable adsorption processes. The adsorption towards NDA-100 mainly depended on the π-π interaction, while that towards NDA-99 was extremely influenced by the static-electric interaction. Additionally, the adsorptive capacity of salicylic acid on NDA-99 decreased while it increased on NDA-100 with the presence of 5-sulfosalicylic acid in the adsorptive environment as the competitive component. Comparatively, the adsorption capacity of 5-sulfosalicylic acid decreased on both resins with salicylic acid as the competitive component. In fact, the difference in the interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate resulted in the straight antagonism on the effective adsorption sites on the adsorbent. In conclusion, the adsorption selectivity of salicylic acid onto NDA-100 was obviously larger than that onto NDA-99 with the existence of 5-sulfosalicylic acid in the adsorptive environment. A satisfactory separation and recovery of tested solutes in aqueous phase could be foreseeably achieved by the sequencing adsorption technique involving NDA-100 as well as NDA-99. Translated from Environmental Pollution & Control, 2005, 27(8): 570–574 [译自: 环境污染与防治]     

低温条件下SBBR中污泥减量的对比研究

在冬季低温(10.6℃)连续好氧-缺氧以及全泥龄的运行条件下,挂膜成熟后序批式生物膜工艺(SBBR)、投加填料SBR工艺和传统活性污泥法(CAS)工艺的污泥产率分别为0.171kgMLSS/kgCODremoved、0.207kgMLSS/kgCODremoved和0.315kgMLSS/kgCODremoved。三个工艺中SBBR工艺污水处理效果最佳,其对COD、NH4+-N的去除效果分别达到63.94%和85.36%。在冬季运行条件下,试验第10天和第25天在两种SBBR工艺中先后有大量轮虫和线虫等后生动物的滋生,导致出水中总磷(TP)的明显释放,后生动物的滋生有助于污泥的沉降性能的改善,在SBBR中后生动物的滋生有助于提高系统的硝化作用。     

大气环境质量综合评价加权灰色关联模型的建立与应用

利用灰色理论建立大气环境质量综合评价加权灰色关联模型 ,运用污染贡献率确定权重系数。与其它评价模型相比 ,加权灰色关联模型还具有排序功能 ,实例表明该模型是简便有效的     

亚硝化/反硝化除磷同步发生的控制策略

针对碳源偏低城市污水,采用厌氧/限氧的序批式活性污泥反应器（A/LOSBR）,在连续（CA）和间歇曝气（IA）模式下,研究了亚硝化/反硝化除磷同步发生所需的最适控制策略。实验结果表明,在CA模式下,恒定30 L·h-1的气量,进行同步亚硝化/反硝化除磷的TN和PO43--P去除率分别为88.5%和95.9%;在IA模式下,恒定30 L·h-1的气量,且曝气百分数（AF）和曝气频率（fIA）值为0.5和24时,曝气量比CA模式节省了23%,该工艺的TN和PO43--P去除率分别为91.1%和92.9%。由此可知,同一气量下,IA模式比CA模式的更经济节能,且IA模式在低AF和高fIA工况下进行的同步亚硝化/反硝化除磷过程更稳定持续。     

低C/N比城市污水短程硝化特性及微生物种群分布

以城市污水厂二沉池回流液为接种污泥,研究了低C/N城市污水短程硝化特性及其微生物种群密度分布规律,并对比研究了SBR和SBBR 2种反应器短程硝化特性的差异。结果表明：在温度（30±1）℃、pH=7.9~8.2、DO=1.0 mg·L-1的条件下,通过分段曝气的运行方式、经过29 d的运行,2个反应器均实现了短程硝化的高效启动,NH4+-N转化率稳定在99%,短程硝化率稳定在90%以上;相比于SBR,SBBR更有利于AOB菌种的富集,且SBBR达到亚硝酸盐积累率最大效果的时间快于SBR。利用聚合酶链反应（PCR）和克隆测序等分子生物学技术分析得出,在短程硝化稳定运行的SBR系统中,AOB菌种与NOB菌种的占比为2.3：1。     

Microbial response to CaCO3 application in an acid soil in southern China

Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) application is widely used to ameliorate soil acidification. To counteract soil and bacterial community response to CaCO₃ application in an acidic paddy soil in southern China, a field experiment was conducted with four different dosages of CaCO₃ addition, 0, 2.25, 4.5 and 7.5?tons/ha, respectively. After one seasonal growth of rice, soil physicochemical properties, soil respiration and bacterial communities were investigated. Results showed that soil pH increased accordingly with increasing dose of CaCO₃ addition, and 7.5?tons/ha addition increased soil pH to neutral condition. Moderate dose of CaCO₃ application (4.5?tons/ha) significantly increased soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) content, enhanced soil respiration, while the excessive CaCO₃ application (7.5?tons/ha) decreased these soil properties. High-throughput sequencing results illustrated that moderate dose of CaCO₃ application increased the richness and alpha diversity of soil bacterial community. Compared with control, the relative abundance of Anaerolineaceae family belonging to Chloroflexi phylum increased by 38.7%, 35.4% and 24.5% under 2.25, 4.5 and 7.5?tons/ha treatments, respectively. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that soil pH was the most important factor shaping soil bacterial community. The results of this study suggest that proper dose of CaCO₃ additions to acid paddy soil in southern China could have positive effects on soil properties and bacterial community.     

季戊四醇废水处理方法的研究

采用水解酸化一序列式活性污泥法（HA－SBR法）相结合技术处理季戊四醇废水，试验结果表明：（进水CODCR为726－1800ml/L,出水CODCR小于100ml/L,CODCR去除率为88.1%-95.8%，出水能满足国家排放标准。