Inexpensive substrate sampler for macroinvertebrates

Assessment of aquatic macroinvertebrates is a critical component of many watershed monitoring programs and passive samplers are often used to collect long-term site data, especially in environments where active sampling is not possible. However, standard passive samplers can be expensive and lost in extreme conditions. We developed a sampler using plastic soda bottles (PSB) filled with river rock and compared its effectiveness with standard Hester-Dendy samplers in both lotic and lentic environments. Abundance, taxa richness, and macroinvertebrate composition showed no significant differences between sampler types in either habitat type. PSB samplers, which can be constructed for less than one dollar each, collected the same number of organisms and represented the same diversity as Hester-Dendy devices that cost around $38 each. In studies where funds are limited, PSB samplers appear to be suitable for passive monitoring.     

A hybrid decision-making approach based on FCM and MOORA for occupational health and safety risk analysis

IntroductionWith the development of industries and increased diversity of their associated hazards, the importance of identifying these hazards and controlling the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) risks has also dramatically augmented. Currently, there is a serious need for a risk management system to identify and prioritize risks with the aim of providing corrective/preventive measures to minimize the negative consequences of OHS risks. In fact, this system can help the protection of employees’ health and reduction of organizational costs. Method: The present study proposes a hybrid decision-making approach based on the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM), and Multi-Objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis (MOORA) for assessing and prioritizing OHS risks. After identifying the risks and determining the values of the risk assessment criteria via the FMEA technique, the attempt is made to determine the weights of criteria based on their causal relationships through FCM and the hybrid learning algorithm. Then, the risk prioritization is carried out using the MOORA method based on the decision matrix (the output of the FMEA) and the weights of the criteria (the output of the FCM). Results: The results from the implementation of the proposed approach in a manufacturing company reveal that the score at issue can overcome some of the drawbacks of the traditional Risk Priority Number (RPN) in the conventional FMEA, including lack of assignment the different relative importance to the assessment criteria, inability to take into account other important management criteria, lack of consideration of causal relationships among criteria, and high dependence of the prioritization on the experts’ opinions, which finally provides a full and distinct risk prioritization.     

无上部抽吸装置储罐区人工龙卷风风场模拟

为了减少因储罐泄漏位置不确定造成的人员伤亡,指导应急疏散,提出利用人工龙卷风定向控制气体流动方向的模型。首先基于Fluent软件建立了储罐区域人工龙卷风数值模型,分析切向速度和压强沿径向变化规律,发现与经典Rankine涡模型切向速度沿径向分布规律一致,证实可在储罐区以射流相切的方式形成人工龙卷风风场。其次研究了涡流比和进风量对风场控制气流特性的影响,即分析形成的龙卷风风场最大切向速度、压强差变化规律,结果表明,涡流比越大,形成的龙卷风风场中切向速度和压强差越小,即气流向中心汇聚能力越弱;进风量越大,形成的龙卷风风场中切向速度和压强差越大,即气流向中心汇聚能力越强。研究表明,用人工龙卷风控制储罐泄漏气流方向是可行的。     

西辽河不同粒级沉积物的氨氮吸附-解吸特征

为估算辽河吸附态氨氮人海通量,采用平衡吸附-解吸法研究了西辽河不同粒级沉积物对氨氮的吸附-解吸特征.结果表明:不同粒级沉积物对氨氮的吸附-解吸特征均符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附-解吸等温式;黏粒级和粉粒级沉积物的氨氮饱和吸附量较大,分别为3 643.82和2 693.71 mg/kg,相当于粗砂的8.04和5.94倍;西辽河冲泻质泥沙黏粒和粉粒所携载的吸附态氨氮的人海通量分别为170.10和164.52 mg/kg.占沉积物氨氮吸附总量的14.99％;黏粒级和粉粒级沉积物的氨氮解吸比例较小,分别为30.66％和42.04％,人海后可分别为上覆水提供氨氮52.15和69.16 mg/kg;黏粒级和粉粒级沉积物所吸附的氨氮是氮素循环的重要组成部分;黏粒和粉粒级沉积物的腐殖质含量远远高于粗沙,在其所形成的团聚体结构中存在的孔隙填充方式——氨氮吸附是导致黏粒和粉粒级沉积物饱和吸附量较大、解吸比例较低的根本原因.     

西安表土中多环芳烃的污染特征及其来源解析

通过2008年采集西安不同功能区表层土壤样品,运用GC/MS质谱联用仪对美国EPA优控的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定性、定量分析,来探讨西安表层土壤种多环芳烃的污染特征及其来源。结果表明,16种PAHs均被检出,西安表土中ΣPAHs浓度范围为125~9 057 ng/g,平均值为2 727 ng/g,主要以4~6环PAHs为主,共占总量的69%。PAHs的空间分布规律为:工业区>文教区>绿化区>郊区>农村。应用特征比值判断法可知,西安表土中PAHs主要是煤的不完全燃烧和机动车尾气排放所产生的混合源污染。借鉴国外土壤污染标准可知西安城区表土污染较为严重。     

Fractionation of residual Al in natural water treatment from reservoir with poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC): Effect of OH/Al, Si/Al molar ratios and initial pH

An aluminum fractionation study was conducted for a surface reservoir water treatment to understand the performance of poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC) in terms of the residual Al fractions as a function of initial pH. The coagulation performance expressed as turbidity and organic matter removal was established as supporting data. Some extra data were evaluated in terms of the residual Al ratio of the composite PASiC coagulant. The main residual Al sources were the Al fractions derived from the use of PASiC. The turbidity and organic matter removal ability was optimal at initial pH 6.00-7.00, while the concentrations of various residual Al species and the residual Al ratio of PASiC were minimal at an initial pH range of 7.00-8.00. Under the conditions of OH/Al molar ratio = 2.00 and Si/Al molar ratio = 0.05, PASiC had superior coagulation performance and comparatively low residual Al concentrations. The Al fraction in the composite PASiC coagulant seldom remained under such conditions. Experimental data also indicated that the suspended (filterable) Al fraction was the dominant species, and organic-bound or organo-Al complex Al was considered to be the major species of dissolved Al in water treated by PASiC coagulation. Additionally, the dissolved inorganic monomeric Al species dominated the dissolved monomeric Al fraction.     

沈阳城市化进程对大气边界层影响研究

利用沈阳气象站2000-2010年高空观测数据,统计分析了各年探空温度和风速曲线,还依据统计得到的中性层结风速廓线资料,利用莫宁-奥布霍夫相似理论计算了下垫面的空气动力学参数,综合研究了沈阳城市化进程对大气边界层的影响。结果表明:(1)随着城市化进程的发展,地面平均温度呈逐年升高的趋势,但升温幅度很小;高层温度也有增加的趋势,增温幅度很小。(2)垂直温度递减率有增加的趋势,这表示城市化程度的发展对边界层的影响也是显著的。(3)由于下垫面城市化程度的提高,在不同高度上风速都有不同程度的减小的趋势。(4)摩擦速度逐年增加,对风速的消减作用逐渐增强;粗糙度逐年增高和零平面位移逐年增大,可见沈阳下垫面城市化的程度逐年增加。     

低C/N条件下MUCT工艺数学模型的参数校正与验证

基于ASM2d模型建立了稳定运行的MUCT工艺营养物质去除过程的动力学反应模型,比较各种COD、TN、NH 4＋-N、TP的实测值和模拟值,以确定系统在低C/N条件下运行时的动力学和化学计量学参数.模拟结果表明,稳态模型中的动力学参数qPHA、KA、KPP、YPO3-4、μAUT和ηNO-3分别取值2.90 g.（g.d）-1、3.85 g.m-3、1.35 g.（g.d）-1、0.35、1.6和0.8.其他的动力学和化学计量学参数可采用IWA给出的默认值.     

Effect of land management on soil microbial N supply to crop N uptake in a dry tropical cropland in Tanzania

In Sub-Saharan Africa, conservation of available soil N during early crop growth, when N loss by leaching generally occurs, is important to improve crop productivity. In a dry tropical cropland in Tanzania, we assessed the potential role of soil microbes as a temporal N sink-source to conserve the available soil N until later crop growth, which generally requires substantial crop N uptake. We evaluated the effect of land management [i.e., no input, plant residue application before planting (P plot) with or without fertilizer application, fertilizer application alone, and non-cultivated plots] on the relationship between soil N pool [microbial biomass N (MBN) and inorganic N] and crop N uptake throughout the ∼120-d crop growth period in two consecutive years. In the P plot, MBN clearly increased (∼14.6-29.6 kg N ha⁻¹) early in the crop growth period in both years because of immobilization of potentially leachable N, and it conserved a larger soil N pool (∼10.5-21.2 kg N ha⁻¹) than in the control plot. Especially in one year in which N leaching was critical, increased MBN maintained a larger soil N pool in the P plot throughout the experimental period, and a delay of increased MB C:N ratio and a substantial decrease in MBN was observed, indicating better soil microbial N supply for crop N uptake during later crop growth. Therefore, plant residue application before planting should enhance the role of soil microbes as a temporal N sink-source, leading to the conservation of potentially leachable N until later phase of crop growth, especially in years in which N leaching is relatively severe. Although further studies are necessary, our results suggest that plant residue application before planting is a promising option to achieve better N synchronization.     

藻类水华对太湖梅梁湾不同粒径有机组分结构的影响

运用过滤和切向流超滤系统,分离得到2009年8月至2010年8月每月的太湖梅梁湾不同粒径水体有机物,测定了水体中颗粒态有机碳,高分子量和低分子量可溶解性有机碳的含量,并同步分析了叶绿素浓度,水体中各种有机物的碳氮比值和中性单糖含量.对不同形态有机碳浓度的比较发现颗粒态有机碳是太湖碳存在的主要形式.统计分析结果表明叶绿素浓度与颗粒态有机碳之间具有显著的相关性,说明浮游植物是颗粒态有机物的主要来源.此外高分子量可溶性有机物的碳氮比值和中性单糖含量均相对较高,这表明该有机碳的生物可利用性比其它形态的水体有机碳高.